Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/430

 (i) On the other hand, the article is always omitted when a person or thing is to be represented as indefinite (or indefinable) or as yet unknown; consequently also before the predicate, since this is from its nature always a general term, under which the subject is included, e.g., i.e. it is yet high day; 33:13, 40:18, 41:26,.

Rem. 1. As exceptions to the above rule it is usual to regard those examples in which a determinate adjective or participle (equivalent to a relative clause) is used apparently as a predicate, e.g., i.e. that is it which compasseth; 42:6, 45:12, , , , , , ,  (cf. in Greek, e.g. St. Mat. 10:20, where Winer, Gram. des neutest. Sprachidioms, § 58, 2, Rem., explains οἱ λαλοῦντες as a predicate with the article). In reality, however, these supposed predicates are rather subjects (acc. to ), and the only peculiarity of these cases is that the subject is not included under a general idea, but is equated with the predicate.

2. Sometimes the article is used with only one of two parallel words, as  and,   and.

3. The use of the article to determine the class is more extensive in Hebrew than in most other languages. In this case the article indicates universally known, closely circumscribed, and therefore well defined classes of persons or things. The special cases to be considered are—

(a) The employment of general names as collectives in the singular, to denote the sum total of individuals belonging to the class (which may, however, be done just as well by the plural); e.g. the righteous, the wicked man, ; the woman, i.e. the female sex, 7:26;, i.e. the enemies (?) ; , i.e. the liers in wait; , i.e. soldiers; ; , ; so also (as in English) with names of animals, when something is asserted of them, which applies to the whole species, e.g. as the courage of. Especially also with gentilic names, e.g. the Canaanite, (cf.15:19f.); so in English the Russian, the Turk, &c., in Attic writers ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ὁ Συρακόσιος, &c.

(b) Names of materials known everywhere, the elements and other words denoting classes, even though only a part and not the whole of them is considered, in which case in other languages, as e.g. in English, the article is usually omitted (cf., however, our to fall into the water, into the fire, &c.), e.g. and Abram was very rich ;  and he burnt their chariots ; cf. , (unless this means, the chain necessarily belonging to the official dress);,  (35:32), , &c., and  very commonly in the sacrificial laws, ,