Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/429

 (b) With a title understood and recognized by every one, e.g.  ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμών:  under the oak (the well-known oak which was there).

(c) With appellatives to denote persons or natural objects which are unique, e.g., ,.

(d) When terms applying to whole classes are restricted (simply by usage) to particular individuals (like ὁ ποιητής, meaning Homer) or things, e.g., ; , as proper name of the god;  (first) man, Adam;  or  ὁ θεός, the one true God (cf. also ὁ Χριστός in the New Testament); also , i.e. Euphrates; , sc. of the Jordan, the Jordan plain [, &c.].

(e) Very often with the vocative, e.g. ;  ;, , ; in the plural, , , 13; but cf. also, , ( and ); 23:16, , , , , , &c. The vocative occurs without the article in, since it has been already defined by a preceding accusative.

Rem. Strictly speaking in all these cases the substantive with the article is really in apposition to the personal pronoun of the 2nd person, which is either expressly mentioned or virtually present (in the imperative), e.g. thou, the young man. But such passages as, where the vocative precedes the imperative, prove that in such cases the substantive originally in apposition eventually acquired the value of a complete clause.

(f) With words denoting classes (see particulars under l).

(g) In a peculiar way, to specify persons or things, which are so far definite as to be naturally thought of in connexion with a given case, and must be assumed accordingly to be there (see q–s).

(h) With adjectives (also ordinal numbers and demonstrative pronouns used adjectivally) which are joined to substantives determined in some way (see u).

Rem. The article may be omitted in poetry in all the above-mentioned cases; in general it is used in poetry far less frequently than in prose. Its use or omission probably often rests on rhythmical grounds; it is sometimes omitted also for rhetorical reasons. Cf. e.g. for  ;  as vocative, verse 10;  for  21:2;  (contrary to u, v) 99:3. In the instances in which the of the article is omitted after a prefix, the vowel of the article is often retained after the prefix even in poetry, e.g.  , &c.