Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/428

 are made determinate by the article, when they are joined like adjectives (see ) with a determinate substantive, e.g. ; ;,. The demonstrative, however, even in this case, is frequently used without the article, as being sufficiently determinate in itself (cf. ).

1. The article (,, , § 35) was originally, as in other languages (clearly in the Romance; cf. also ὁ, ἡ, τό in Homer), a demonstrative pronoun. The demonstrative force of the article, apart from its occasional use as a relative pronoun (see ), appears now, however, only (a) in a few standing phrases, and (b) in a certain class of statements or exclamations.

(a) Cf. (.);, ; , ; (= in this year) ,.

(b) includes those instances in which the article, mostly when prefixed to a participle, joins on a new statement concerning a preceding noun. Although such participles, &c., are no doubt primarily regarded always as in apposition to a preceding substantive, the article nevertheless has in some of these examples almost the force of  as the subject of a noun-clause; e.g.  the judgements of the Lord are true..., verse 11  prop. the more to be desired than gold, i.e. they are more to be desired, or even they, that are more to be desired, &c.; cf. , f., 44:27 f., 46:6,, , ,  ( in the parallel half of the verse continued by a finite verb); , , , ,  and frequently. When such a participle has another co-ordinate with it, the latter is used without the article, since according to the above it strictly speaking represents a second predicate, and as such, according to i, remains indeterminate; e.g. who giveth  rain, &c. and sendeth &c.

The article is sometimes used with similar emphasis before a substantive, which serves as the subject of a compound sentence ; e.g.  i.e. as a fresh statement (not in apposition to the preceding dative), really equivalent to he is a rock, perfect in his work (i.e. whose work is perfect); cf. .

2. The article is, generally speaking, employed to determine a substantive wherever it is required by Greek and English; thus:

(a) When a person or thing already spoken of is mentioned again, and is consequently more definite to the mind of the hearer or reader; e.g. and God said, Let there be light: verse 4 and God saw the light ;  fetch me a sword: and they brought the sword;. (In therefore  must be read.)