Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/41

 ,, , = ,  = ,  = , ,  = ,  = .&mdash;Later meanings are, e.g.  (to say) ;  (to answer) .&mdash;Orthographical and grammatical peculiarities are, the frequent  of  and , e.g.  (elsewhere ), even  for ,  for ; the interchange of  and  final; the more frequent use of substantives in , ,  &c. Cf. Dav. Strauss,, Zürich, 1900, p. 19 ff.; for the Psalms Cheyne, , p. 461 ff., and especially Giesebrecht in 1881, p. 276 ff.; in general, Kautzsch,  (i, Lexikal. Teil), Halle, 1902.

But all the peculiarities of these later writers are not Aramaisms. Several do not occur in Aramaic and must have belonged at an earlier period to the Hebrew vernacular, especially it would seem in northern Palestine. There certain parts of Judges, amongst others, may have originated, as is indicated, e.g. by, a common form in Phoenician (as well as ), for , which afterwards recurs in Jonah, Lamentations, the Song of Songs, the later Psalms, and Ecclesiastes.

Rem. I. Of dialectical varieties in the old Hebrew language, only one express mention occurs in the O.T., according to which the Ephraimites in certain cases pronounced the as. (Cf. Marquart in 1888, p. 151 ff.) Whether in  by the speech of Ashdod a Hebrew, or a (wholly different) Philistine dialect is intended, cannot be determined. On the other hand, many peculiarities in the North Palestinian books (Judges and Hosea) are probably to be regarded as differences in dialect, and so also some anomalies in the Moabite inscription of Mêšaʿ (see above, ). On later developments see L. Metman,, Jerusalem, 1906.

2. It is evident that, in the extant remains of old Hebrew literature, the entire store of the ancient language is not preserved. The canonical books of the Old Testament formed certainly only a fraction of the whole Hebrew national literature.

Gesenius,, §§ 19-39; Oehler's article, 'Hebr. Sprache,' in Schmid's, vol. iii. p. 346 ff. (in the 2nd ed. revised by Nestle, p. 314 ff.). Cf. also the literature cited above in the headings of §§ 1 and 2; also Böttcher,, i. Lpz. 1866, p. 30 ff.; L. Geiger,, Breslau, 1870; B. Pick, 'The Study of the Hebrew Language among Jews and Christians,' in , 1884, p. 450 ff., and 1885, p. 470 ff.; W. Bacher, article 'Grammar' in the , vol. vi, New York and London, 1904. Cf. also the note on.

1. At the time when the old Hebrew language was gradually becoming extinct, and the formation of the O.T. canon was