Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/405

 the verb (intransitive) construed with  has a greater independence, and consequently more emphasis than the verb construed with a direct accusative; the latter conveys a sort of necessary specification of the action, while the noun introduced by  is used rather as a merely adverbial complement. An instructive example of this is, to utter a voice, also to thunder, while in  (68:34, ),  has an independent sense = he thundered with his voice (i.e. mightily).

(c) to, a very general expression of direction towards anything, is used to represent the most varied relations of an action or state with regard to a person or thing. On the use of as a periphrasis for the genetivus poseessoris or auctoris (the idea of belonging to), see § 129; on  with the passive, to introduce the author or the cause, see ; on  in a purely local sense (e.g., prop. towards thy right hand), or temporal (e.g. , &c.) or distributive, see the Lexicon

The following uses of properly belong to the government of the verb:

(1) As a nota dativi to introduce the remoter object; also

(2) To introduce the dativus commodi. This dativus commodi (or incommodi, e.g. ) is used—especially in colloquial language and in later style—in the form of a pronoun with, as an apparently pleonastic dativus ethicus, with many verbs, in order to give emphasis to the significance of the occurrence in question for a particular subject. In this construction the person of the pronoun must always agree with that of the verbal form. By far the most frequent use of this is with the pronoun of the 2nd person after imperatives, e.g., , ,  (also in the feminine, , 13); , ; , ; ;  (to save thyself), ; , ; , ; , ; , ; , ; ,  (in the plural, ); , , , , , and so almost regularly  (see above, ) cave tibi! and ; ,  (cf. verse 9), 8:14, is remarkable; after a perfect consecutive, , ; after an imperfect consecutive, e.g.  .—In the 3rd person, e.g. , , cf. 22:5,, , , ; even after a participle, .—In the 1st person plural,.

(3) To introduce the result after verbs of making, forming, changing, appointing to something, esteeming as something; in short, in all those cases in which, according to, a second accusative may also be used.

(4) In loose connexion with some verbal idea in the sense of in reference to, with regard to... ; so after a, ; , cf.