Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/397

 the casus loci a termination  is employed, in which (according to ) the old accusatival ending is preserved; and finally from the consistency with which classical Arabic puts these nearer definitions in the accusative (which may be recognized by its form) even under circumstances in which one would be rather inclined to expect a nominative in apposition.

The relation subsisting between the circumstantial accusative and the accusative of the object is especially apparent when the former (as e.g. in a statement of the goal after a verb of motion) is immediately connected with its verb. But even the more loosely connected circumstantial definitions are certainly to be regarded as originally objects of a governing word habitually omitted, only that the consciousness of this closer government was at length lost, and the accusative more and more acquired an independent value as a casus adverbialis.

2. The accusative serves to define more precisely the place (accus. loci), either (a) in answer to the question whither? after verbs of motion, or (b) in answer to the question where? after verbs of being, dwelling, resting, &c. (but also after transitive verbs, see the examples), or finally (c) to define more precisely the extent in space, in answer to the question ''how far? how high? how much?'', &c.

Instead of the simple accusative, the locative (see above, ) is frequently found in the cases mentioned under f (sometimes also in those under g) or the preposition, especially before persons as the aim of the movement, or , usually, to express being at a place.

Examples of (a):, ; cf. ,, ; , ; cf. ,, , , , , , , , (?), ; with  ; with  ; with the ''accus. loci emphatically preceding (cf. Driver on ),, , , , ; with (in the sense of aggredi, equivalent to , cf. , note 2) the personal aim also is poetically added in the accusative, , , , , , ; but in the last passage it is better taken as an accusative of the object (cf. the German einen ankommen, überkommen''). See also (where  can hardly be transitive);,  (where, however,  has probably fallen out after ; so Strack).—Finally, cf. also the use of for, .—The ''accus. loci'' occurs after a passive, e.g..

Examples of (b): remain a widow  in thy father’s house; cf. ,, , , , , ; , , 10, 19:11, and frequently. As observed by Driver on, accusatives of this kind are almost without exception (but cf. , , , ) connected with a noun in the genitive. In all the above examples, however, the accusative may have been preferred to the natural construction with (which is not rare even with  and ) for euphonic reasons, in order to avoid the combination of such sounds as  and ; cf., moreover,, , ,  ( instead of the usual