Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/335

 19:27, &c.; 29:10 now when Jacob had seen Rachel ..., Jacob went near, &c.; so also in clauses which express the completion or incompleteness of one action, &c., on the occurrence of another, as in, , &c.; cf. , with the note, and c.

2. To represent actions, events, or states, which, although completed in the past, nevertheless extend their influence into the present (in English generally rendered by the present):

(a) Expressing facts which were accomplished long before, or conditions and attributes which were acquired long before, but of which the effects still remain in the present (present perfect), e.g.  (and still keeps it hidden);   (and still keep them spread forth). This applies particularly to a large number of perfects (almost exclusively of intransitive verbs, denoting affections or states of the mind) which in English can be rendered only by the present, or, in the case mentioned above under f, by the imperfect. Thus, (prop. I have perceived, have experienced), ,  , &c.; on the other hand, e.g. in , , the context requires I knew not;  ;  ; ;  ;  ;  ,  (parallel with );   (mostly negative, , &c.);  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  .—We may further include a number of verbs which express bodily characteristics or states, such as  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  , &c.

Rem. To the same category probably belong also the perfects after  how long hast thou already been refusing (and refusest still...? which really amounts to how long wilt thou refuse?),,  (co-ordinate with the imperf.), and after  ,.

(b) In direct narration to express actions which, although really only in process of accomplishment, are nevertheless meant to be repre-