Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/320

 4. A number of forms standing in very close relation to the demonstrative pronoun may be regarded as primitive adverbs, since they arise directly from a combination of demonstrative sounds. Some of these have subsequently suffered great mutilation, the extent of which, however, can now very rarely be ascertained with certainty. Such are e.g., (according to Barth, Sprachwiss. Abhandlungen, p. 16, formed from the two demonstrative elements hin and na), ,  (cf. , , how?), ,  (on all these adverbs, see the Lexicon), and especially the interrogative  (Hē interrogativum), e.g.   nonne?,  This Hē interrogativum is perhaps shortened from , which is still used in Arabic, and, according to the view of a certain school of Masoretes, occurs also in Hebrew in.

The interrogative takes—(1) Ḥaṭeph-Pathaḥ generally before non-gutturals (even before ), with a firm vowel, e.g. ? see the interrogative clause,  (  is an exception).

(2) Before a consonant with, usually without a following , e.g.  , cf. ,, , ; less frequently (in about ten passages), with a following , e.g. , ,  , , , , ; even in , , ,.

(3) Before gutturals, not pointed with either or, it takes , e.g. ?, ?, ;  ; also in  read  (not ), likewise  in , , .—In  , the Masora intends the article; read , and cf. ; in read  and ; the article is a correction due to doctrinal considerations.

(4) The takes  before gutturals pointed with  or (as in  ff.), e.g.  ;  ;  ;   (cf. the analogous instances in , , ). The place of this interrogative particle is always at the beginning of the clause [but see, , , where one or more words are prefixed for emphasis].

5. Some adverbs occur also in connexion with suffixes, thus, 3rd sing. masc. (but see note below), 2nd plur. masc. ;, 2nd sing. , fem., 3rd sing. , fem., 2nd plur. , 3rd plur. masc. .—Also ( only in  and ),, ,  (