Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/296

 ground-form is regularly lengthened to qāṭōl, e.g., , ; but before formative additions the short ŭ returns, protected by the sharpening of the following consonant (see ee above), as , &c. (but in stems with a third guttural or, , ). The form, , is abnormal; likewise , Jablonski (ed. Mant. , Baer and Ginsburg ).

3. On Paradigm f: ground-form qăṭăl from stems. As in verbs, the general rule is that before the terminations of the plur. and dual and before suffixes beginning with a vowel, the third radical is usually elided altogether. But besides the form, with the final  retained, is also found in poetry (cf. also the singulars with suffixes, like , in ss); in the same way final  is retained in. The plur. of is,   (also , unless this is a sing., contracted from ; so Barth,  xlii, p. 351). The qĭṭăl-form (see ), ,  is remarkable as a ''constr. st.'' (the reading of Opitius and others is opposed to the express statement of the Masora). To the category of these forms also belongs without doubt (only in plur.),, , , &c.

In a few formations of this kind the vowel of the second syllable appears to have been already lost in the ''absol. st. sing.''; so according to the ordinary view, in. , with suff., but ; plur. ,, dual , , with suff. , , &c., and in ,  , with suff. , but  (ă attenuated to ĭ), plur. , . But perhaps both these nouns are to be regarded as primitive, and as original monosyllabic formations.

3. Paradigm III comprises forms with an unchangeable vowel in the first syllable, whilst the vowel of the second syllable has been lengthened from an original short vowel, and is therefore changeable. The special cases are to be distinguished in which the original short vowel is lengthened both in and before the tone, but in an open syllable becomes (Paradigm a, but cf. also examples like, for , and ), secondly, the cases in which the vowel becomes  even before the tone (Paradigm b), and finally, those in which the termination of  formations is entirely lost (Paradigm c).

Rem. 1. On the model of (which, moreover, is obscured from ʿâlăm), the following forms also are inflected: , in some cases with virtual sharpening of the third radical (see ), as  , , , &c.;  nouns of this form maintain the  in the ''constr. st. plur.'', e.g. from  ; on the other hand, in the plur. of the  of verbs  (which likewise belong to this class), are found not only regular forms like  but also ,   f.,