Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/295

 Rem. 1. On Paradigms a and b: ground-form qătăl. The lengthening of the second ă to ā is maintained in the ''constr. st. sing.'' only in -forms, e.g.,. For the construct forms, , , instead of the ordinary absolutes , , a secondary form , must be assumed; from , the ''constr. st. occurs once,, beside , from  the constr. st.'', beside the common form .—The plur. , (instead of, ground-form părăš) is no doubt due to a confusion with the qaṭṭâl-form.

A. Sometimes a sharpening of the third radical takes place, in order to keep the preceding vowel short, e.g., , (see ).—The attenuation of the ă of the first syllable to ĭ does not take place in the ''constr. st. plur. as a rule after an initial guttural, as, , but , and never before a middle guttural, e.g. ; nor (according to König, owing to the influence of the nasal) in the non-guttural forms , , and (in the dual) , from , .—The dual from , shows an abnormal omission of the lengthening of the ă'' before a tone-bearing termination, but cf. .

B. From stems, forms like, , &c., belong to this class.

C. The few nouns of the ground-form qĭṭăl follow the same analogy, such as, , , &c. From, in the ''constr. st. besides the form  is also found (perhaps a survival of a secondary form like those in Paradigm I, d); so from,  and even   (so ed. Mant., Ginsb.; but Baer ), both, probably, old secondary forms (also used for the absol. st.'') of ; cf. also and, as well as the ''constr. st. plur. ; also from, the constr. st.'' is found,.

2. On Paradigms c–e: ground-form qăṭĭl, developed to qāṭēl; with a final guttural, e.g. . In the ''constr. st. the original ĭ of the second syllable, probably on the analogy of the forms discussed in, becomes ă, e.g. , , , &c., but not before suffixes, , &c., nor in forms from stems, e.g. , ; cf., moreover,   from , and  , mourning''. Paradigm d represents forms which in the ''constr. st. instead of the ordinary, &c., have a segholate form, as , , , , , constr. st.'' of, , , ,. In  would be altogether without precedent as a ''constr. st. (for ); most probably the absol. st. is intended by the Masora (according to Nöldeke, Gött. Gel. Anzeigen, 1871, No. 23 [p. 896] for, i.e. shoulder to shoulder''); [cf. Driver,, § 190, Obs.].

In the ''plur. constr. the ē lengthened from ĭ'' is frequently retained in verbal adjectives of this formation, e.g., , , , ; cf. also (with ē under the protection of the secondary tone) from  On the other hand from, always ; cf. also  from .—With ă retained in the initial syllable cf. (with a virtual sharpening of the ).—From stems come forms like, , , with unchangeable ; hence , , &c.

Kindred in character are the formations from the ground-form qăṭŭl. This