Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/255

 the ground-form —Fem. ,, ,  , , , with sharpening of the third radical, in order to keep the original ŭ short, and similarly in the plurals , , , , &c.

6. The ground-form develops to  (cf., Paradigm II, Rem. 1), e.g. , , ; from a verb , probably of this class is , generally contracted to , ground-form : the full form is preserved in , for.

III. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in the First and a Long Vowel in the Second Syllable.

7. The ground-form in Hebrew always develops to the form, the â becoming an obscure ô. The fact that this form is also written must not lead to the confusion of these forms with those mentioned in No. 5, from the ground-form. Moreover the -class includes forms of various origin, and therefore of various meaning, as (a) intransitive adjectives like, , fem. , the short vowel becoming Šewâ, whereas in , &c., before the tone it is lengthened to ā; (b) the of the form   as representing the abstract idea of the verb, and abstract substantives like ,  (Arab. ); (c) substantives and adjectives in an active sense, as  (of metals,) , ; in the feminine  , the irregular retention of the ā in the third syllable from the end is no doubt to be explained, with Brockelmann, from Aramaic influence, the punctuator having in mind the Aramaic nomen agentis.

8. The ground-form develops to  (cf., Paradigm IV,  and ). Here also forms of various origin and meaning are to be distinguished: (a) adjectives used substantivally with a passive meaning to denote duration in a state, as,. These proper -forms are parallel to the purely passive -forms (see m), but others are due to a strengthening of original -forms. These are either (b) intransitive in meaning, as, and, from stems, ,  (see ), or (c) active, as  (prophet), .—Of a different kind again (according to Do Lagarde, infinitives) are (d) forms like , , ,. On forms with a kindred meaning, cf. .

9. The ground-form develops to. As in the and -forms (see k and l), so here forms of various kinds are to be distinguished: (a) -forms proper, with passive meaning, especially all the passive participles of Qal; fem. e.g.  (properly ). On the other hand, by strengthening an original -form we get (b) certain stative adjectives, as , , , or even transitive, as ; (c) active substantives, as. Further, some of the forms mentioned in belong to this class; see above, the remark on l.

10. The ground-form or  in Hebrew changes the ĭ to vocal ,