Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/254

 2. Nouns with one of the three short vowels under the second radical (present ground-form, , ), e.g. , , ; and so always with middle , , ,. In reality these forms, like the segholates mentioned in No. 1 (see above, ), are, probably, for the most part to be referred to original forms, but the tone has been shifted from its original place (the penultima) on to the ultima. Thus dibáš (originally dı́baš) as ground-form of is supported both by the Hebrew  (with suffix of the first person), and by the Arabic, the principal form;  (according to Philippi with assimilation of the vowel of the second syllable to that of the first) as ground-form of  is attested by the Arabic ; for  (Arabic ) similarly a ground-form  may be inferred, just as a ground-form  underlies the infinitives of the form.

II. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in both Syllables.

3. The ground-form, fem. , developed in Hebrew to (, Paradigm II, , ) and  (, , Paradigm II, , ), mostly forms intransitive adjectives, as , , ; but also substantives, as , and even abstracts, as , , ; in the fem. frequently abstract, as  ; with an initial guttural .—Of the same formation from verbs  are , ; passive .—In verbs  a final  is almost always rejected, and the ă of the second syllable lengthened to è. Thus, after rejection of the and addition of  as a vowel-letter, becomes  (cf. , Paradigm II, ); fem. e.g. ; cf. , Paradigm II,. From a verb the strong form  occurs.

4. The ground-form, fem. , developed to (§ 93, Paradigm II, c–e) and , is frequently used as participle of verbs middle e , and hence mostly with an intransitive meaning; cf. ; ; fem., and .—From verbs : irregularly, , , &c., generally referred to a sing. (stem ), and  (from,  ,  and  ).—From a verb  with consonantal Wāw: , incorrectly written.

5. The ground-form, developed to (also written ), generally forms adjectives, e.g. , , , , , , , , ; , only in sing. masc., with a parallel form of the class treated under f, fem., plur. . These forms are not to be confounded with those in No. III, from