Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/218

  has the form , , &c., cf. , where also other forms of are given;  and , from , are, however, used in the same sense. Cf. also ;  (for  according to ) ;   (cf. ) and. This assimilation is found always with sibilants (most frequently with ) except in the case of  (so ed. Mant., Ginsb., Kittel; but, Baer ) and in  ,  (cf.  verse 4),  of  (cf.  ).

Brockelmann,, p. 144 ff.; , p. 605 ff.

1. According to a large number of monosyllabic stems were brought into agreement with the triliteral form by a strengthening, or repetition, of the second radical, i.e. of the consonantal element in the stem. In another large class of stems the same object has been attained by strengthening the vocalic element. The ground-form used for these verbs is not, as in other cases, the 3rd ''sing. mast. perfect, but always the form, the û of which is characteristic also of the  and of the imperfect indicative Qal''. These stems are consequently termed verbs or more correctly (see below). The term was consequent on the view that the  (or  in the case of verbs ) in these stems was originally consonantal. This view seemed especially to be supported by the return of the in  (, the  usually passing into  as in, cf. Arabic qáwwămă), and by certain forms of the  of the nouns of such stems, e.g. , compared with. Hence in explaining the verbal forms a supposed stem qawam (in verbs e.g. šayat) was always assumed, and  was referred to an original yaqwŭm, the   to original qawôm, the   to original qawûm. It must, however, be admitted: (1) that forms like, (see m) are only to be found in the latest books, and are hence evidently secondary as compared with the pure Hebrew forms , &c.; (2) that to refer the verbal forms invariably to the stem , leads in many cases to phonetic combinations which are essentially improbable, whereas the assumption of original middle-vowel stems renders a simple and natural explanation almost always possible. These stems are therefore to be rigidly distinguished from the real  stems of the strong forms, such as, , &c. (see below, gg).—As early as the eleventh century the right view with regard to stems was taken by Samuel Hannagîd (cf. Bacher, Leben und Werke des AbulwaléÆd, p. 16); recently by Böttcher (Lehrbuch, § 1112), and (also as to  stems) especially by Müller, Stade, and Wellhausen (see above,, note). On the other hand, the old view of and  as consonants has been recently revived by Philippi, Barth, M. Lambert, and especially Brockelmann (op. cit.).