Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/176

, denominative from  (but ); in Hithpôʿēl , ; imperf. ; from a verb,. The   is probably a forma mixta combining the readings  and.

Poʿel proper (as distinguished from the corresponding conjugations of verbs  and , which take the place of the ordinary causative ) expresses an aim or endeavour to perform the action, especially with hostile intent, and is hence called, by Ewald, the stem expressing aim (Zielstamm), endeavour (Suche-stamm) or attack (Angriffs-stamm); cf. the examples given above from, , and   (probably for , cf. ; : seeking to cast an evil eye).

With is connected the formation of quadriliterals by the insertion of a consonant between the first and second radicals (, § 56).

2. Paʿlēl, generally with the ă attenuated to ĭ=Piʿlēl (Piʿlal), and ; the ē in the final syllable also arises from ĭ, and this again from ă; passive Puʿlal, reflexive Hithpaʿlēl , like the Arabic conjugations ix. ʾiqtăllă and xi. ʾiqtâllă, the former used of permanent, the latter of accidental or changing conditions, e.g. of colours; cf. ,, passive , all of them found only in the and with no corresponding  form. (For the barbarous form  read ; for , which has manifestly arisen only from confusion with the following , read ). These forms are more common in verbs, where they take the place of and. Cf. also.

3. Peʿalʿal: with repetition of the last two radicals, used of movements repeated in quick succession; e.g.  (of the heart), from ; passive , , ,. Probably this is also the explanation of (denom. from, but only in the ,  &c. ) for , by absorption of the first , lengthening of ă in the open syllable, and subsequent obscuring of ā to ô. On the other hand, for the meaningless  (which could only be referred to this conjugation if it stood for ) read, and for the equally meaningless   read. In both these cases a scribal error (dittography) has been perpetuated by the punctuation, which did not venture to alter the. On the employment of Peʿalʿal in the formation of nouns, cf. . Closely related to this form is—

4. Pilpēl (pass. Pŏlpal), with a strengthening of the two essential radicals in stems, , and , e.g. , from =; ;  from ,  ; cf. also (so Baer and Ginsb. after Qimḥi; others ), and with ă in both syllables owing to the influence of ,  from   (cf. however, in the parallel passage,  ) and , in the ;   to hedge in, acc. to others make to grow. Probably to this form also belongs, the emended reading of instead of the impossible ; also