Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/173

 amongst all the forms of Hiphʿîl and Hophʿal, only the  Hophʿal should have been preserved. A passive of Qal is also indicated in the Tellel-Amarna letters, according to Knudtzon, by a number of imperfect forms, which are undoubtedly due to Canaanite influence, cf. ''Beitr. zur Assyriologie'', iv. 410.

1. The is connected with, being formed by prefixing to the -stem (qaṭṭēl, qaṭṭal) the syllable  (Western Aramaic , but in Biblical Aramaic ; Syr. ’et ). Like the preformative  of ,  has also a reflexive force.

2. The of the prefix in this conjugation, as also in  (see h), Hithpôēl, Hithpa‛lēl and Hithpalpel (§ 55), under certain circumstances, suffers the following changes:

(a) When the stem begins with one of the harder sibilants, , or , the and the sibilant change places (cf. on this metathesis, ), and at the same time the  after a  becomes the corresponding emphatic : thus , for ; , for ; , from. The only exception is in, , to avoid the cacophony of three successive t-sounds.

(b) When the stem begins with a d- or t-sound, the of the preformative is assimilated to it , e.g. ; , , ,. (An exception occurs in .) The assimilation of the occurs also with  and, e.g. , as well as  (cf. , , );   (cf. , );  ; with   with.

Rem. Metathesis would likewise be expected, as in the cases under b, when and  come together, as well as a change of  to. Instead of this, in the only instance of the kind the  is assimilated to the, —unless indeed ,  of , is intended.

3. As in form, so also in meaning, is primarily (a)  of Piēl, e.g.,. Although in these examples the intensive meaning is not distinctly marked, it is so in other cases, e.g. (Niph. simply to take revenge), and in the numerous instances where the  expresses to make oneself that which is predicated by the stem, to conduct oneself as such, to show oneself, to imagine oneself, to