Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/169

 however, only one of these two conjugations is in use, or else they differ from one another in meaning, e.g., Piʿēl to honour, Hiphʿîl to bring to honour, also to make heavy. Verbs which are intransitive in simply become transitive in, e.g. , Hiph. to bow, to bend.

Among the ideas expressed by the causative and transitive are included, moreover, according to the Hebrew point of view (and that of the Semitic languages in general, especially Arabic), a series of actions and ideas, which we have to express by periphrasis, in order to understand their being represented by the Hiphʿîl-form. To these inwardly transitive or intensive Hiphʿîls belong: (a) Hiphʿîl stems which express the obtaining or receiving of a concrete or abstract quality. (In the following examples the stems are given, for the sake of brevity, with the addition of the meaning which—often together with other meanings—belongs to the .) Thus, , ,  (to give forth brightness); opposed to ; , ,  (to develop strength), ;  (to acquire length); ; , , , ;  (to put forth shoots), cf. ,, ; , , , (silentium facere, Pliny); ; ; ; ,.

(b) Stems which express in the entering into a certain condition and, further, the being in the same: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; ,  (to keep quiet);. The Hiphʿîl forms of some verbs of motion constitute a variety of this class: ; ; (all these three are besides used as causatives);.

(c) Stems which express action in some particular direction: ; (to act smoothly); ;, ; ; ; , ; , ;.

Further, there are in a considerable number of denominatives which express the bringing out, the producing of a thing, and so are properly regarded as causatives, e.g.,  (unless  is to be read, as in ); ; ; ;   to go to the right, cf. ; or to have hoofs;  or to have horns; ; ; ;, &c.; so also according to the ordinary acceptation  , they have become stinking, from  or stench, with retention of the  prosthetic,  (but see below, p).