Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/160



1. Qal has both an active participle, called from its form, and a passive, Pāʿûl.

Pāʿûl is generally regarded as a survival of a passive of Qal, which still exists throughout in Arabic, but has been lost in Hebrew (see, however, ), just as in Aramaic the passives of and  are lost, except in the participles. But instances of the form quṭṭāl are better regarded as remnants of the passive participle Qal (see ), so that must be considered as an original verbal noun; cf. Barth,, p. 173 ff.

2. In the intransitive verbs ''mid. e and mid. o'', the form of the participle active of Qal coincides in form with the 3rd sing. of the perfect, e.g., from ; (only orthographically different from the perf. ) fearing; cf. the formation of the participle in,. On the other hand, the participle of verbs ''mid. a takes the form (so even from the transitive, part. ). The ô of these forms has arisen through an obscuring of the â'', and is therefore unchangeable, cf. . The form (with a changeable  in both syllables), which would correspond to the forms  and, is only in use as a noun, cf. . The formation of the participle in, , and Hîthpaʿēl follows a different method.

3. Participles form their feminine ( or ) and their plural like other nouns.

Rem. 1. From the above it follows, that the ā of the form is lengthened from ă, and consequently changeable (e.g.  ); and that the ô of  on the other hand is obscured from an unchangeable â. In Arabic the verbal adjective of the form qătĭl corresponds to the form qāṭēl, and the part. qâtĭl to qôṭēl. In both cases, therefore, the ē of the second syllable is lengthened from ĭ, and is consequently changeable (e.g., plur. ; , constr. pl. ).

, instead of the form qôṭēl, is an anomaly; it is possible, however, that (incorrectly written fully) is intended (cf.  ), or even the  of. The form in,  appears to stand for , but most probably the Masora here (as certainly in  ) intends the 3rd sing. imperf. Hiph., for which the better form would be ;, being a proper name and a foreign word, need not be considered.— (constr. state of ), with ă in the second syllable, occurs in  (cf. moreover, ). On  (for ), see.

2. A form like the pass. ptcp. Pāʿŭl, but not to be confused with it, is sometimes found from intransitive verbs, to denote an inherent quality, e.g. ;, , &c.; , , ; ; , ; and even from transitive verbs, , ; , ; , ; cf. .