Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/143

 and serve to express states and qualities, e.g.,.

In Paradigm B a verb middle a, a verb middle ē, and a verb middle ō are accordingly given side by side. The second example is chosen as showing, at the same time, when the  is to be inserted or omitted.

Rem. 1. The vowel of the second syllable is the principal vowel, and hence on it depends the distinction between the transitive and intransitive meaning. The of the first syllable is lengthened from an original ă (cf. Arabic qătălă), but it can be retained in Hebrew only immediately before the tone, or at the most (with an open ultima) in the counter-tone with ; otherwise, like all the pretonic vowels (ā, ē), it becomes, e.g.  2nd ''plur. masc.'' In the Aramaic dialects the vowel of the first syllable is always reduced to Šewâ, as =Hebr. . The intransitive forms in Arabic are qătĭlă, qătŭlă; in Hebrew (after the rejection of the final vowel) ĭ being in the tone-syllable has been regularly lengthened to ē, and ŭ to ō.

2. Examples of denominatives in are:, from  ; , from ;  (usually Hiph.) to buy or sell corn, from ; see above,.

1. The formation of the persons of the Perfect is effected by the addition of certain forms of the personal pronoun, and marks of the 3rd fem. sing. and 3rd pl. (as afformatives) to the end of the verbal-stem, which contains the idea of a predicate, and may be regarded, in meaning if not in form, as a or. For the 3rd ''pers. sing. masc. Perfect, the pronominal or subject idea inherent in the finite verb is sufficient: thus,, (as it were, killing thou, or a killer thou), a killer wast thou''=; , =. The ending of the 1st pers. plur. is also certainly connected with the termination of, (, d). The afformative of the 1st pers. sing. is to be referred, by an interchange of and  (cf. ), to that form of the pronoun which also underlies, I. In the third person  (originally , cf. below, f) is the mark of the feminine, as in a great number of nouns , and  is the termination of the plural; cf., for the latter, the termination of the 3rd and 2nd pers. plur. Imperf. ûna in Arabic and û (often also )