Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/103

 of Maqqēph). Cf. . The 1st pets. sing. imperf. Piʿēl regularly has . Likewise  is naturally found under  in cases where the  arises from a weakening of an original ă (e.g., ground-form ), and  if there be a weakening of an original u (e.g. , , cf. , ).

(b) In the middle of a word after a long vowel, a takes the place of a simple Šewâ mobile, e.g.  (see ); but if a short vowel precedes, the choice of the  is generally regulated by it, e.g.   (see above, ),   (regular form );   (regular form ); but cf. .

5. The, which in sound approximates to the gutturals , shares with the gutturals proper their first, and to a certain extent their second, peculiarity, viz.

(a) The exclusion of the strengthening, instead of which the preceding vowel is almost always lengthened, e.g. for,  for.

(b) The preference for ă as a preceding vowel, e.g. (from );  both for, and for.

The exceptions to a are, ; and ,  (cf. );  ;  ;  , , ; exceptions to b are   (cf. );  , ; also on account of  , , , ; and on account of   , , , , , ,. A kind of virtual strengthening (after for ) is found in. In Samaritan and Arabic this strengthening has been retained throughout, and the LXX write e.g. for.

1. The, a light and scarcely audible guttural breathing, as a rule entirely loses its slight consonantal power whenever it stands without a vowel at the end of a syllable. It then remains (like the German h in roh, geh, nahte) merely as a sign of the preceding long vowel, e.g., , (but when a syllable is added with an introductory vowel, according to  below, we have, e.g. , , since the  then stands at the beginning of the syllable, not , ), ,  (cf., however, ),  (for ),. Similarly in cases like, , , &c. , and even in, (see above, ), the  only retains an orthographic significance.

2. On the other hand, is in general retained as a strong consonant whenever it begins a syllable, e.g., , or when it is protected by a  after a short syllable, e.g. , and finally,