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 try and by district. The aim is to build up a united labor movement on the industrial and inter-industrial principle, which shall be all-inclusive on the industrial field.

In Italy the most striking development also was not planned by the officials. Threatened by a lockout, the metal workers remained in the metal plants and continued to operate them. The movement spread to many other industries, until a large proportion of Italian factories were actually in the hands of the workers. Neither the government nor the employers attempted to throw out the workers by force, but a compromise was reached by which the factories were returned to their former owners on condition that a certain degree of "control" be given to the workers' committees. This control consisted largely of the right to inspect the employers' books. It is looked upon merely as a stepping stone to larger concessions in the future.

In the United States the history of trade-unionism has been in many respects similar to that in England, but there have been other influences here which have delayed and modified its growth.

America was for many years a "new country"—that is, a country in which there was plenty of spare land and undeveloped natural resources such as forests, minerals, etc., waiting to be taken up