Page:General History of Europe 1921.djvu/910

 XX General History of Europe Burma, 541 Burns, Robert, 281 Business, medieval, 254 ff. Byb'los, 58 Byzantium (bi zan'shium), 177 Cabinet, English, 416, 532 Cable, submarine, 572 Cadiz, 485 Cahiers (ka ya'), 43 2 > 435 Calcutta, 392 ; Black Hole of, 394 Calendar, 13; French republican, 442 n., 448 Caliph, 193 Calonne, 430 Calvin, 32 1,334!. Cambrai, 642 Cambridge, University of, 271 Cambyses (kam bl'sez), 38 Canaanites, 26, 41 Canada, 391, 395, 400 f., 543 ff. ; in the World War, 622, 642 Canal, ancient Egyptian, 40 ; Panama, 570 ; Suez, 570, 583 Cannae (kan'e), 133 Canossa, 220 Canterbury, 202, 232 Cape Colony, 548 Capitalism, 493 ; investments, 573 Carbonari, 483, 508 Cardinals, origin of, 218 Carolingian line, 204 n. Carthage, 57, 117, 128 ff. ; commerce of, 57, 128 f. ; and Rome, 128 ff. Cartwright, Dr., 490 Cassius (kash'ius), 150 Castile, 302 f. Castles, medieval, 209 f. Catherine of Aragon, 322 Catherine of Medici, 335 f. Catherine II of Russia, 378, 384, 414 Catholic Church, Roman, 258. See Church Catholic Emancipation Act, 534 Catholics, in America, 391, 543; in England, 409 ; in the Netherlands, 484 ; in Ireland, 538 Cavaliers, 356, 360 Cavour, Count, 508 Censors, 122 Censorship, 219, 408, 412 f., 425, 479, 553 Central Powers in the World War, 615, 620, 625, 627, 633, 638 Ceylon, 540 Chaeronea, 102 Chaldeans, 33 ; civilization of, 35 Chambord, count of, 528 n. Charlemagne, 205 ff., 266 Charles I, execution of, 357 Charles II of England, 3 58 ff. Charles II of Spain, 369, 371 Charles V, Emperor, 304 ff. ; titles of, 306; and Luther, 313^, 3i6ff. Charles VI, Emperor, 380 Charles V of France, 283 Charles VII of France, 285 Charles VIII of France, invasion of Italy by, 300 f., 507 Charles IX of France, 335 f., 340 Charles X of France, 479 Charles the Hammer, 194, 204, 266 Charles Albert of Sardinia, 503, 504 Charter, Great, 234 f., 362 Charters, town, 253 Chartist movement, 533 Chateau-Thierry, 643 f. Chaucer, 266 Chemistry, 593 Chile, 485, 588, 633 China, European relations with, 390, 574 ff., 584 n. ; warwithjapan, 577 f. ; Boxer rebellion, 578 ; republic of, 580 ; contest between northern and southern, 580 ; in the World War, 633 Chivalry, 267 Christianity, 37 ; rise of, 168 ; legal- ized, 178, 302 f. Christians, persecution of early, 157, 169 f., 178; in Turkey, 554 Chrysoloras, 273 Church, organization of the Roman, 179, 222 ff.; performs functions of government, 194 f. ; architecture of, 201., 258 f. ; property of, 2 1 7 f., 223 f., 344, 421 ; relation of, to state, 223 ff. , 322 ff. ; break-up of medieval, 308 ; reformers in, 329 ; Greek, 375, 382, 554; in the eighteenth century,4O7f. attacks upon, 412 ; property of, con- fiscated, 436 f. ; secularization of lands of, 455 ; in Ireland, 538. See Clergy, Popes, Rome Church of England (Anglican), 339 f., 409 Cicero, 155 f., 200 Cisalpine Republic, 451, 454 Cities, imperial free, 455 City-states, 289 ff., 305. See Roman state, Greek city-state