Page:General History of Europe 1921.djvu/474

 3 so General History of Europe the kind in the history of the world except perhaps the ancient Museum at Alexandria ( 170). Their object was not, like that of the old Greek schools of philosophy and the medieval universi- ties, mainly to hand down and explain the knowledge derived from the past, but to find out what had never been known before. We have seen how in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries new inventions were made, such as the compass, paper, specta- cles, gunpowder, and, in the fifteenth century, the printing press. But in the seventeenth century progress began to be much more rapid, and an era of invention opened, in the midst of which we still live. The microscope and telescope made it possible to dis- cover innumerable scientific truths that were hidden from the Greeks and Romans. In time this scientific advance produced a spirit of reform, also new in the world. QUESTIONS I. What means did the Catholics take to reform the Church ? Give an account of the famous Council of Trent. What was accomplished by the Council? What is the Index? Describe the founding of the order of Jesuits. What were its aim and policy ? II. Describe the revolt of the Netherlands. What was the character of Philip II ? Give an account of the leadership of William of Orange. What was the origin of the Dutch Republic ? III. Describe the beginnings of Protestantism in France. Describe the struggle of the Huguenots with the Catholics. Describe the Mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew. What was the attitude of Henry IV toward the Protestants? What were the provisions of the Edict of Nantes? IV. What religious settlement was made by Queen Elizabeth ? De- scribe the characteristics of the Anglican Church. In what way did Mary Stuart threaten the power of Elizabeth? Describe the destruc- tion of the Armada. V. Give a brief account of the Thirty Years' War. Tell what you can of Richelieu. What were the provisions of the treaties of West- phalia? What were the results of the war on Germany? VI. What was the great discovery made by Copernicus ? What discoveries were made by Galileo? Why was the Church opposed to the teachings of these men? What do you know of Francis Bacon? Give an account of the founding of scientific societies.