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336 into broad sandy tracts, or the banks recede, leaving low moist khádir, lands which are flooded during the rains. The last is suitable for rice cultivation, and the soil on the higher lands, which is light and poor, where not entirely sandy, grows light crops of willet, bájra (holeus sorghum), and moth (phaseolus aconitifolius). Now and then, as to the north of the city and the south of cantonments, there are some barren úsar plains, but with these exceptions, the pargana is fertile and well cultivated. By the survey some 20-5 per cent is said to be barren, but a great deal of this is due to the city and cantonments, and not more than half of the technically barren is due to unculturable úsar. The irrigation in the pargana is low, jhils are not very numerous, and water lies at an average depth from the surface of thirty feet. The proportion irrigated amounts only to thirty-five per cent, and about three-fifths of this is from jhíls. The crops consist of all the cereals and pulses, but the cultivation round the city and large villages, consisting of the higher class crops of poppy, tobacco, culinary vegetables, and a kind of sugarcane called paunda, of which the stick is eaten, is unexceptionally fine. The Kachhis, to whom this cultivation belongs, are almost twice as numerous in this as any other pargana of the district. Round the city, too, are numerous rose gardens from the roses of which rose-water is made by the perfumers of Lucknow.

The population is most dense; within the city it amounts to 3,68,977 or 2,102 to the square mile, but without the city it is 9,5,851 or 656; but it even then falls on the cultivated area, at the rate of 1,229 per square mile. The proportion of Muhammadans is high, amounting to 25 per cent. of the whole, and that of agriculturists to non-agriculturists is low, being only 29-4 per cent. But all this is due to the city. A part from this, Muhammadans are 103 per cent., and agriculturists reach the fair average of 55-8. But the pressure of cultivators is far greater than in any other pargana. The average holding of the chhaparhand is not two acres; and including the fields he holds in other villages, it will not, for the greater proportion of cultivators who are of the Lodh, Chamár, and Pási caste, amount to more than three acres.

The rents as a rule are high, though as usual the Chhattris do not pay much. Their average rent is no more than Rs. 8-14-0 per acre, while that of the Lodhs is Rs. 6-4-0, and the Kachhis pay an average of Rs. 13-10-0, while in individual instances in all villages round the city itself these rents amount to as much as Rs. 25 and 30 per bigha or £4 and £5 per acre. The pargana was assessed at summary settlement at Rs. 1,40,531, but the assessment now is Rs. 1,56,033. The revenue falls at a rate of—

But in villages round the city it falls at a rate of Rs. 6-9-0 per acre.

The city contains a population of 273,126, of which the Muhammadan element amounts to 41 per cent. There are in addition five other villages with a population of between two and three thousand. They are —Ujariấon and Juggaur lying on the north side of the Gumti between that river and