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to have been made into a separate pargana till the reign of iClamgir, when a fort was built at Kalyanmal and an iCmil with a gun and some troops

quartered there. The traditional history, as far as I have been able to collect it, is meagre. The oldest event referred to by it is the return of Bam Chandar from Ceylon. Rathaulia, the ancient name of Kalydnmal, is traced to the staying of his chariot (rath) at this spot. Here he halted and visited the sacred pool of Hattia Haran, that he might wash away Another local tradition tells that the sin of slaying the demon Rawan. the sacred tank was called panchhatr, and that he bathed in it to get rid of a hair which had grown in the palm of his hand when he slew Rawan, and that ever since the pool has been called Hattia Haran, or the Hurtdispeller. According to Mr. Wheeler, the Ram who slew Rawan was not Ram Chandar of Ajodhya, but a later hero. Ram of the Dekhan. " This Ram of the Dekhan is represented to have carried on a great religious war against a raja named Rawan who was sovereign of the island of Ceylon. Rawan and his subjects are termed Rakshas or demons, but there is reason to believe that they represent the Buddhist, and if so, the war could not have been carried on during the Vedic period, but during the Brahmanical revival, which seems to have commenced between the sixth and eighth centuries of the Christian era, and to have continued until our own time." (History of India, III., page 51, note.) In this view Rdm's visit to Hattia

Haran must have taken place later than 700 A.D. It was a sacred spot before he visited it, or he would not have gone there. It seems to have been one of the ancient Brahmanical hermitages described in the Ram^yan, as old perhaps as Ajodhya itself

The next glimpse by local tradition is that of a Raja Kumar from Baisw&ra expelling the Thatheras and ruling over ninety-four villages from his fort at Rathauli, where now lies the deserted ruin called Wairi Dih. To him, nearly five hundred years ago, came from Fatehpur Sikri a Sakarwar Chhattri of the name of Nag Mai, and became the naib or deputy of Raja Kumar. Some say that Nag Mai with the help of a barber murdered his master and seized his domain; others that he succeeded peaceably to it on his master dying childless. To Nag Mai was bom Kakal Mai. To Kakal Mai his first wife bore Kalyan Sah and Gog Sah, and his second wife Hat Raj. Kalyan S^h and Gog Sah took as their share fifty-two villages and settled down at Rathauh, side by side, and founded the adjacent settlements of Kalyanmal and Goga Deo, while Hat Ruj took the remaining forty-two villages. Two hundred years ago the Sakarw^rs of Goga Deo drove out the Julahas from MahgFion in the south of the .

pargana.

The pargana seems in primitive times to have been the border land of the Thatheras and Xrakhs, for while Kalyanmal Khas was held by Thatheras till they were dislodged by Raja Kumar Bais, the Chandels of Bhaunti, only six miles to the south-east, tell how between five and six hundred years ago their ancestor Baldeo Singh marched thither from Siwaichpur and expelled its primitive occupants, the Xrakhs. ,

The antiquities of the pargana are the pool at Hattia Haran, Wairi Dih, the remains of Raja Kumar's fort, Kaimgarh Dih near Kalyanmal, site of an ancient shrine of Kdlka Debi ; Panchabgir Mahadeo, also at Kalyan-