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 an axis from which the side roots may branch. The side or spreading roots are usually smaller. Plants that have such a root system are said to be tap-rooted. Examples are red clover, alfalfa, beet, turnip, radish, burdock, dandelion, hickory (Figs. 32, 33).

A fibrous root system is one that is composed of many nearly equal slender branches. The greater number of plants have fibrous roots. Examples are many common grasses, wheat, oats, corn. The buttercup in Fig. 34 has a fibrous root system. Many trees have a strong tap-root when very young, but after a while it ceases to extend strongly and the side roots develop until finally the tap-root character disappears.

—, with fibrous roots.

Shape and Extent of the Root System.—The depth to which roots extend depends on the kind of plant, and the nature of the soil. Of most plants the roots extend far in all directions and lie comparatively near the surface. The roots usually radiate from a common point just beneath the surface of the ground.

The roots grow here and there in search of food, often extending much farther in all directions than the spread of the top of the plant. Roots tend to spread farther in poor soil than in rich soil, for the same size of plant. The root has no such definite form as the stem has. Roots are usually very crooked, because they are constantly turned aside by obstacles. Examine roots in stony soil.