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1857.] of a funnel, the reduced gold passing freely. All the vessels used in these operations must be very clean; though of glass, they should not be supposed in proper condition after wiping, but should be soaked in water, and after that rinsed with distilled water. A glass supposed to be clean, and even a new bottle, is quite able to change the character of a given gold fluid.

Fluids thus prepared may differ much in appearance. Those from the basins, or from the stronger solutions of gold, are often evidently turbid, looking brown or violet in different lights. Those prepared with weaker solutions and in bottles, are frequently more amethystine or ruby in colour and apparently clear. The latter, when in their finest state, often remain unchanged for many months, and have all the appearance of solutions. But they never are such, containing in fact no dissolved, but only diffused gold. The particles are easily rendered evident, by gathering the rays of the sun (or a lamp) into a cone by a lens, and sending the part of the cone near the focus into the fluid; the cone becomes visible, and though the illuminated particles cannot be distinguished because of their minuteness, yet the light they reflect is golden in character, and seen to be abundant in proportion to the quantity of solid gold present. Portions of fluid so dilute as to show no trace of gold, by colour or appearance, can have the presence of the diffused solid particles rendered evident by the sun in this way. When the preparation is deep in tint, then common observation by reflected light shows the suspended particles, for they produce a turbidness and degree of opacity which is sufficiently evident. Such a preparation contained in a pint bottle will seem of a dull pale-brown colour, and nearly opake by reflexion, and yet by transmission appear to be a fine ruby, either clear or only slightly opalescent.

That the ruby and amethystine fluids hold the particles in suspension only, is also shown by the deposit which occurs when they are left at rest. If the gold be comparatively abundant, a part will soon settle, i. e. in twenty-four or forty-eight hours; but if the preparation be left for six or eight months, a part will still remain suspended. Even in these portions, however, the diffused state of the gold is evident; for where, as in some cases, the top to the depth of half an inch or more