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1829.], are, according to an expression sometimes used, due to impurity. The glass, either of the streak or of the neighbouring parts, would be equally good for optical purposes were it all alike. It is the irregularity that constitutes the fault; and hence, in this respect, a particular composition is of very little importance. As glass is always the result of a mixture of materials having different refractive and dispersive powers, it is evident that strim must exist at one period during its preparation; and the point required is not so much to seek for a difference of composition, or for those proportions which are found by analysis to exist in specimens of tried and acknowledged good glass, as to devise and perfect a process by which the striæ period should be passed over before the glass is finished and the formation of fresh strim be prevented.

4. Besides these, there are other faults in glass. Sometimes it is said to be wavy, when it has the appearance of waves within its mass; but this is only a variety of that irregularity which has just been explained as constituting, when in a stronger degree, streaks and striæ. Occasionally appearances are observed in it, which seem to indicate a peculiar structure of crystallization, or an irregular tension of its parts: these, there is every reason to believe, may be avoided by careful annealing. Again: the glass sometimes includes bubbles, which, when small and numerous, render it what is called seedy. Bubbles are not usually considered as of much consequence to the performance of the glass, but objectionable only because of their appearance when the glass is looked at, rather than when looked through. They each act like a very powerful but very small double convex lens of a rare substance in a very dense medium, or as equally deep double concave lenses of glass would do in air; they rapidly, therefore, turn the rays impinging on them on one side, and occasion a loss of light, just as so many opake spots would do. But as even when numerous their united area may amount to only a very small proportion of the area of the plate of glass required for a telescope, this loss of light is usually of but little consequence. In practice, it is said that no other real evil than such loss of light is dependent on them.

5. Of all these faults, that of the irregularity constituting streaks, striæ, and waves, is the most difficult to avoid, and the