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 "Archivio Meteorologico Centrale Italiano," Firenze, 1858, introduction.

The thermometers were introduced into France by the way of Poland; the Grand Duke Ferdinand presented some philosophical apparatus to the Envoy of the Queen of Poland, and her secretary sent one of the thermometers to the astronomer Ismael Boulliau in Paris, with the statement that Ferdinand always carried in his pocket a small one about four inches long.

Meteorological observations were carried on in Paris from 1670 with an instrument made for De la Hire by Hubin. The scale was arbitrary, but the thermometer was preserved until those with reliable scales were manufactured, and its values determined by comparison, thus permitting the records to be adjusted.

Florentine thermometers continued to be manufactured for general use in the eighteenth century; G. Reyger records that Hanow, in his observations of the weather in Danzig made in 1741, reported temperatures in degrees of the "usual Florentine scale, the 0 being in the middle of the tube, indicating temperate air, or 45 Fahrenheit." A. Momber also states that many thermometers made in Danzig as