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 3. The definite article is never used in Esperanto before proper names, as:

Unuigitaj Ŝtatoj Amerikaj. The United States of America. Francujo estas pli varma ol Anglujo. France is warmer than England.

4. The definite article is used in Esperanto before nouns denoting the totality of persons or things re- presented, as:

La homo estas mortema, man is mortal.

1. The noun, in Esperanto, invariably ends in "o," as:

Patro, father. Patrino, mother. Arbo, tree.

2. The plural is formed by adding "j" (pron. "y") to the singular, as:

Patroj, fathers. Patrinoj, mothers. Arboj, trees.

3. The objective case (sometimes named the Accusative) is formed by adding "n" to the singular or plural, as:

Mi havas floron, birdon kaj libron. I have a flower, a bird and a book. Mi havas florojn birdojn kaj librojn. I have flowers, birds and books.

This form of the objective is not used in English, but as Esperanto is a language to be used by all nations, and having to unite clearness with simplicity, it had to be so formed that however the words in a sentence may be arranged, the subject and object cannot be read one for another.