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 1921 SHORT NOTICES 619 a year, and it should be extensively used all the more because it is clear, concise, and free from rhetoric. J. P. W. The distinctive feature of Dr. H. E. Bolton's and Dr. T. M. Marshall's The Colonization of North America, 1492-1783 (New York : Macmillan, 1920), is the ' attempt to bring into one account the story of European expansion in North America down to 1783 '. The key-note of the volume is expansion ; and such expansion is dealt with not only from the point of view of European countries — Spain, Holland, and Sweden as well as England and France — but from the point of the English American colonies in their movement towards the West. The history of the English colonies is told with great clearness and impartiality; and there are the usual excellent maps, to which one is accustomed in American histories. H. E. E. In the second volume of his book La Reforme en Italie 1 (Paris : Picard, 1921) M. E. Rodocanachi treats of reform from the point of view of the papacy. The half-hearted efforts of renaissance popes, such as Clement VII and Paul III, to stem the rising tide of protestantism, which reached its height during the pontificate of Julius III (1550-5) ; the organization of the counter-reformation by Cardinal Caraffa and his friends ; the rekindling of religious fervour within the catholic church ; the growing intensity of religious persecution until at length the reaction had done its work and reform in Italy had ceased to exist : these are the principal topics. The ground is less untrodden than that which is covered by the earlier volume. Nevertheless, M. Rodocanachi has collected much interesting material. His detailed account of the working of the tribunals of the Inquisition and his description of the varying fortunes of the reform movement in different parts of Italy bear witness both to the minuteness of his investigations and to his knowledge of local Italian conditions. The story of Cardinal Borromeo's fruitless efforts to make the nuns of a Dominican convent in Milan conform to the precepts of the counter- reformation with regard to the exclusion of strangers and the shuttering of windows is one among many which add a light touch to the narrative, and at the same time show something of the reluctance with which Italy yielded to the sterner principles of a movement alien to her past traditions. C. M. A. In The Household of a Tudor Nobleman (University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. vi, no. 4, 1917) Mr. Paul Van Brunt Jones has made a very careful and detailed study of the internal economy of the great households in the sixteenth century. He gives an elaborate account of the personnel of the household, the duties of the numerous servants, the provision of food supplies, the financial management, the ritual of service in chamber and hall, the conduct of divine worship, and the methods of charity. The btfok as a whole would have gained by compression and greater conciseness of style, but it contains much useful information on the subject with which it deals. E. L. 1 See p. 264 above.