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 1921 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 461 30 artillery and 302 infantry regulars, 483 Essex militia from the immediate neighbourhood, 63 from the adjoining county of Kent — but none from Suffolk, and only one officer from Middlesex, the next adjoining — 13 from Oxford, but 68 from Norfolk half-way down Lake Erie, and 176 whom Brock brought with him from York and Lincoln. All this gives a pretty good idea of the loyalty or backwardness of different districts. This question of the Canadian militia, their efficiency and readiness or the opposite, is abundantly illustrated in the documents, so that we have the exact instances which bear out the general statements. The United Empire Loyalists were still loyal ; some veterans of the American war came to volunteer their services, and were retained at Fort George for ' stationary ' duty to encourage the younger generation (p. 650) ; the Glengarry Highlanders were more than keen and wanted Gray to take their advice, though they saw afterwards that he was right (p. 673) ; the specially recruited flank companies of each militia battalion, young men who had no ties to keep them at home, were fairly satisfactory, as is shown by the figures of Brock's force. But it is well known that many American settlers were in Upper Canada who openly welcomed Hull, and many Canadians were lukewarm or afraid for their crops ; Colonel Talbot collected 60 Oxford men when Hull invaded the Thames valley, but could by no means get the Norfolk men to march (p. 383), though some of them afterwards joined Brock. The latter was in despair and on the verge of pessimism: 'The population is essentially bad. A full belief possesses them all that this Province must inevitably succumb. Legislators, Magistrates, Militia Officers, all, have imbibed the idea, and are so sluggish and indif- ferent ' (p. 396). Such language is the measure of Brock's genius in afterwards capturing Detroit. The Indian problem is also illustrated. Brock's general order of 16 August shows his satisfaction that no blood was shed by Indians at Detroit, but immediately afterwards several junior officers report on excesses that they were powerless to stop. Chiefs such as Tecumseh were rare. Other interesting points appear : a company of Canadian militia were riflemen (p. 534), and the Americans at Detroit had 500 rifles to 2,500 muskets (p. 496) ; in the attack on Michillimackinac traders co- operated well with the captain in command, providing him with ammuni- tion and manning his boats, but after the surrender ' private views and individual jealousies have overcome every other sentiment ' (p. 446) and the men ' are worn down by unconquerable drunkenness ' (p. 440). It goes without saying that the importance of controlling the lakes, the value of the British regulars, and Brock's ability in contrast to Hull's and Smyth's alternate slackness and boastfulness, stand out clear. J. E. Morris. Histoire de V Internationalisme, vol. i. By Christian C. Lange. (Publi- cations of the Norwegian Nobel Institute, vol. iv. Christiania, 1919.) Our delay in noticing this important work has in so far not been unfortunate, that we may now look forward to its speedy completion, and have it before us as a whole. Many-sided as is the learning, and singularly well-balanced the judgement, of its author, he has in his present