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 1921 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 115 expulsion was the penalty on the first offence ; it is interesting to notice that this did not include theft from the college unless the goods stolen exceeded the value of 30 solidi ; theft from an individual was pardonable up to the value of three librae Bononienses. ' Volume iv consists of a large mass of ' notarial acts ' from the ■ Archivio Notarile ' of Bologna. Many of them are deeds and documents relating to proceedings of all kinds, contentious and non-contentious, more or less connected with the bishop's court, dated from 1319 to 1389, and are related to the university only so far as one or more of the parties concerned was a doctor or scholar — wills, acknowledgements of debts, proceedings for the recovery of debts, loans, leases, conveyances, excom- munications, absolutions, proxies, institutions, &c. Like every such collection of medieval documents, they are full of curious sidelights upon medieval life. Some of these documents show that the opposition of the medieval church to usury was not so much of a dead letter as is some- times supposed. We find, for instance, an executor or ' commissary ' of a deceased person repaying a sum gained by usury before distributing his goods (p. 132). It is rather startling to find two cases in rapid succession of a beneficed clergyman resigning his living on account of his marriage (uxoratio, pp. 143, 146) ; but of course he need not necessarily have been, and no doubt was not, in major orders. The documents most closely connected with the inner life of the university are a series of records of the ' private examination ' and the ' public examination ' or actual graduation of doctors. In some cases the votes are given, and occasionally a doctor votes against the candidate. One votes ■ uti studeat adhuc per annum ', another more bluntly l pessime in obiectionibus, ideo non approbo, sed adhuc studeat ' (p. 82). There is a puzzling feature connected with some of these records. The chancellor of the university at Bologna (except for theology) was of course not the bishop but the archdeacon ; .yet in some cases (not in all) it is recorded that the examination took place in the presence of a representative or ' vicar ' of the bishop and a representative of the chapter (p. 87 f.). It would seem probable that this was during the vacancy of the archdeaconry or the temporary absence of the archdeacon. For the general history of universities these volumes do not supply much new material, simply because the statutes and the other more important documents have already been printed, but still there are glean- ings which help to fill up gaps in our knowledge ; and it is unnecessary to insist on their value for local history and biography. Very occasionally I have noticed slips of the kind which suggest rather errors of the press than actual misreadings of the text, e. g. ' fatam albam ' for ' fabam ' (iv. 211). H. Rashdall. Les Joumaux du Tresor de Charles IV. Publies par Jules Viard. (Documents Inedits sur l'Histoire de France. Paris : Imprimerie Nationale, 1917.) The financial administrative system of the French monarchy grew up later than that of the English Crown, and took a long time before it resulted 12