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 1920 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 609 responsibilities for exercising justice which it carried with it. His own words are ample evidence against him. The power formerly belonging to the Soubah of these Provinces, ia Totally, in Fact, vested in the East India Company. Nothing remains to him but the Name and Shadow of Authority. This Name, however, this Shadow, it is indispensably necessary we should seem to venerate. ... Be it always remembered that there is a Soubah. To do any act by an exertion of the English Power. . . would be throwing ofE the Mask. Foreign Nations would immediately take Umbrage. The directors agreed. ' Civil Administration we understand is to remain in the hands of the Nabob.' Such was the dual system, and, to show its lack of statesmanship, it only remains to add that ' the hands of the Nabob ' had been rendered completely impotent. Such was the ' reform ' which Clive has been praised for instituting and which resulted in the ruin of the country, so that when in 1770 famine ensued it is recorded, ' Mankind are employed in bringing the leaves of trees from the jungles for food, and they offer their sons and daughters to sale '. The real reforms of Clive's second administration did not go beyond correction of the military and civil servants of the Company. Clive's real glory lies in his campaigns, and of these Mr. Dodwell has shown the significance in a most interesting series of contrasts. M. E. Monckton Jones. Life and Labour in the Nineteenth Century. By C. R. Fay. (Cambridge : University Press, 1920.) The lectures given at Cambridge last year, the ' substance ' of which is put into this book, must, we think, have caught and kept the attention of those who heard them, and especially the British naval officers and the American soldiers thus addressed by a quondam captain in the Machine Gun Corps. There is still an atmosphere of breezy liveliness about the narrative ; and the opening paragraphs and closing sentences of several chapters as they stand could not fail, in the colloquial language retained, perhaps purposely, by Mr. Fay, to make us ' sit up '. The ' appreciations ', fully finished, of Bentham, Owen, and Cobden, are vivid portraiture where a judicial mixture of light and shade does not detract from the fidelity of the likeness, and what may be deemed the ' thumb-nail ' sketches of figures in the ' international and political background ', to which an introductory chapter has been assigned in either of the two parts dividing unequally the century (before and after 1830), are hardly less arresting. The metaphor too, taken, like other analogies, from the experience, shared by the speaker with his listeners, of the business of warfare, by which the ' industrial scene in 1842 ' is ' photographed ' from the air, is as bold as it is appropriate. We have, indeed, little doubt about that and the following chapters, to which the author invites such of his readers as are ' business men ' or ' working men ' to ' turn at once ' to find what he conceives to be the ' heart of the matter ' from an ' industrial standpoint ', that they will probably ' confirm ', and not ' correct ', his ' picture ' ' from their own working experience and their own local traditions '. But there also the sombre colouring that necessarily VOL. XXXV. ^NO. CXL. R I