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old-time civil engineer, before he was known by that title, built roads and bridges and helped architects erect great buildings. During the middle ages when the wonderful cathedrals and monumental bridges of Europe were built, the greatest architects were engineers and often preferred to be called engineers. Some were able military engineers and conducted many campaigns and great sieges of history. Leonardi da Vinci was an architect, an engineer, a painter and sculptor; of commanding rank in each calling. The knowledge of the world was not so great in those days, but that one man could know practically all that was necessary in many callings.

For a long period architecture was a sleeping art for nothing new was developed and the architects grew proud and drew away from the engineers and courted the society of artists. Architects were delighted when their art was called "frozen music," little recking that things are generally dead when frozen. For centuries architects did nothing but measure and copy and try to develop schools without placing proper emphasis on the fact that architecture is "The art of