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 damaging and tend to make of the school-bred engineer an automaton and an illy-paid, hardly-treated person.

In 1828, Thomas Tredgold, in England, defined civil engineering as "the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man." This definition is incorporated in the constitution of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain.

In 1885, A. M. Wellington, a prominent American engineer, for many years editor of Engineering News, said in the preface of his classic "Economic Theory of the Location of Railways," that "engineering … is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with two after a fashion."

The second definition is really the more broad. Any man who directs the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man is practising engineering. A partly educated man may do this. The fresh—often too fresh—young graduate of an engineering school may do this. The engineer, however, has been so well trained in engineering that he can do a thing well with one dollar which a bungler can do in a bungling manner with the expenditure of two dollars.

There was some spice, perhaps unintentional, in the definition of civil engineering. To one,