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 270 A N A T At the upper part of the bladder, they approach each other; and, joining the urachus, form that rope, which may be termed the fuperior ligament of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder, which deferves the name of fundus much better than the upper part, is perforated by three openings, one anterior, and two pofterior. The anterior opening is formed by an elongation of all the proper coats, in form of a gullet, turned much in the fame manner with the inner orifice of the roftrum of the head of an alembic. This elongation is Called the neck of the bladder, the defcription of which belongs to that of the parts of generation in men. The other two openings in the true fundus o.f the bladder, are formed by the ureters, which, in their courfe downward already defcribed, run behind the fpermatic veffels, and then behind the lower part of the bladder, approaching each other. Each ureter lies between the umbilical artery and vas deferens of the fame fide, the artery lying on the outfide of the ureter, and the vas deferens on the infide. Afterwards they get between the vafa deferentia and the bladder, eroding thefe canals: and then at about a finger’s breadth from each other, they begin to pierce the coats of the bladder. They run a little way between the mufcular and nervous coats, and open into the blad- , der obliquely, fomething nearer each other than when they firft entered its coats. The orifices of the ureters in the bladder, are fomething oval, and narrower than the cavity of the ureters immediately above them The edge of thefe orifices is very thin, and feems to be formed merely by the union ©f the internal coat of the bladder with that of the ureters. Befides the ligaments already mentioned, there are likewife two fmall ones, by which the anterior part of the true fundus of the bladder is conne&ed to the olfa pubis, which lhall be defcribed with the neck and fphincter after the hiftory of the parts of generation in both fexes. THE PARTS OF GENERATION IN MALES. The fpermatic arteries go out moft commonly from the anterior part of the inferior aorta, near each other, and about an inch lower than the arterise renales. They run down obliquely in the pofterior part of the abdomen, within the cellular fubftance of the peritonscum, palling infenfibly from behind forward; and fo parting gradually more and more from the aorta, they crofi over the forefide of the ureters, and run through the openings or. rings of the abdominal mufcles, along with the elongations or produftions of the cellular portion of the peritoneum. They are fmall at their origin; and in their courfe downward, they give off pretty confiderable lateral ramifications to the membrana adipofa, peritonaeum, and alfo to the mefentery. They fometrmes pafs through the areolae, or roeftiesof the fpermatic veins; and before they go out of the abdomen, they are divided into very fine rami, which run

O M Y. Part V[. in a more or lefs winding coutfe, almoft parallel to each other. Afterwards they enter the cellular productions of the peritonaeum, which ferve them for vaginae. They do not fluctuate indifferently from one fide to the other of thefe vaginae ; but are connected along their inner furface by thin membranous laminae, which are likewife continuations of the cellular fubftance of the peritonaeum. The arteries continue the fame winding courfe within thefe vaginae, palling before the vafa deferentia, which are likewife contained in them; and at length they terminate by ramifications in the epididymes and teftes. The teftes are two glandular bodies, fituated near each other, without the abdomen, below the interftice between the groins in an adult. The ancients named them didym'i or geinini. Their fize is nearly that of a pigeon’s egg, and they are of an oval figure, a little flatted at each fide. We may confider in each tefticle, two extremities, two edges, and two fides. One extremity is fituated forward, and a little upward; the other backward, and a little downward; and their edges lie upward and downward. At the upper edge, they have each an appendix, called epididymis, together with which it is involved infeveral coverings; and they are both fufpended in a common covering, called the ferotum. Each tefticle is a fpermatic gland formed by a vaft number of fine whitifh tubes, folded and twifted in different manners, and diftributed in different fafciculi, between membranous fepta; the whole being furrounded by a ftrong common covering, named tunica albuginea. Thefe fepta are difpofed longitudinally, divaricating from each other on one fide, and approaching on the otber. They approach each other along one edge of the tefticle, and terminate in a long narrow whitifh body, as in a kind of axis. From thence they divaricate in a regular manner, and are fixed by their oppofite edges in the inner furface of the tunica albuginea, of which they appear to be a continuation. This white body may be termed the nucleus of the tefticle. From this defcription, we fee that all thefe fepta are not of an equal breadth; that the interftices between them are in fome meafure trangular; and that the extent of the fmall tubes, which lie therein, muft be very confiderable. They have been reckoned to amount to many ells, by taking the fum of all their feveral portions. and they may be eafily unfolded by a long maceration, which deftroys the delicate fubftance by which all their folds and convolutions are connedted and tied down. All thefe fmall canals feem to terminate by a fmaller number of common trunks at the white body or nucleus already mentioned; which trunks do afterwards pierce the upper part of the anterior extremity of the tefticle, and are difpofed in feveral folds along the lateral external part of the upper edge, all the way to the pofterior extremity. From this union arifes a long whitifh plaited fafeiculus or bundle, called epididymis, or appendix to the tefticle. The epididymis thus formed, may be reckoned a production of the tefticle,. or a kind of teftis acceflorius; and