Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, first edition - Volume I, A-B.pdf/17

 forming the piritual functions; but in the 12th century there were abees in Spain who gave benedictions, and confeed people of both exes.  ABBEVILLE, a large city of Piccardy in France, lying 90 miles north of Paris, in 50. 7. N. lat. and 2. 0. E. long.  ABBEY, a religious houe, governed by an abbot, where perons retire from the world, to pend their time in olitude and devotion. By the invention of maes for the living and the dead, dipenations, jubilees, indulgences, &c. the abbeys procured uch large privileges, exemptions, and donations, that, when these houes were totally abolished in England by Henry VIII. to the number of 190, an yearly revenue of L. 2,853,000 reverted to the crown.  ABBEY-BOYLE, a town in the county of Rocommon in Ireland.  ABBOT, the uperior of an abbey or convent of monks. In the firt ages of Chritianity, the abbots were plain diintereted men, and lived contented with the government of their monateries, which were generally erected in the mot olitary parts: but being called from their deerts to oppoe the hereies in the church, they oon began to entertain entiments of ambition, and endeavoured to hake off their dependency on the bihops. Hence arose the distinctions of mitred abbots, croiered abbots, œcunienical abbots, cardinal abbots, &c. The principal ditinction which ubits at preent among abbots, is that of regular and commendatory; the former of which take the vow, and wear the habit of the order; the latter are eculars, though they are obliged to take orders at the proper age. Before the Reformation in England, there were abbots elective and repreentative; ome mitred, and others not. The mitred abbots were inveted with epicopal authority within their own limits, independent of the bihop; but the others were ubject to the diocean in all piritual government. The mitred abbots were Lords of parliament, of which number Sir Edward Coke reckons 27, who at in parliament, beides two Lords Priors.  ABBREVIATE of adjudications, in Scots law, an abtract or abridgment of a decreet of adjudication, which is recorded in a regiter kept for that purpoe. See, title Adjudications.  ABBREVIATION, or, implies the ubtitution of a yllable, letter, or character, for a whole word.  ABBREVIATOR, a peron who abridges any large book into a narrower compas. <section end="Abbreviator" /> <section begin="Abbreviators" />ABBREVIATORS, a college of 72 persons in the chancery of Rome, who draw up the pope's brieves, and reduce petitions into proper form. <section end="Abbreviators" /> <section begin="Abbrevoir" />ABBREVOIR, a term in maonry, expreive of certain indentures made in the joints or beds of tones, which being filled with the cement or mortar, bind them firmer together. <section end="Abbrevoir" /> <section begin="Abbroachment" />ABBROACHMENT. See. <section end="Abbroachment" /> <section begin="Abbuttals" />ABBUTTALS, ignify the buttings or boundings of land towards any point. Limits were anciently ditinguihed by artificial hillocks, which were called botentines, and hence butting. In a decription of the ite of land, the ides on the breadth are more properly adjacentes, and thoe terminating the length are abbutantes; which, in old urveys, were ometimes expressed by capitare, to head; whence abbuttals are now called head lands. <section end="Abbuttals" /> <section begin="Abcasses" />ABCASSES, a people or country in Aia, ituate between Circaia, the Black-ea, and Mingrelia. <section end="Abcasses" /> <section begin="Abcdaria" />ABCDARIA, in botany, a ynonime of the verbeina acmella. See. <section end="Abcdaria" /> <section begin="Abcdary" />ABCDARY, or, an epithet applied to compoitions, whoe parts are dipoed in an alphabetical order. <section end="Abcdary" /> <section begin="Abdals" />ABDALS, or servants of God, in the Eatern countries; furious enthuiats, who frequently run about in the treets, detroying all who differ from them in religious opinions. <section end="Abdals" /> <section begin="Abdelavi" />ABDELAVI, in botany, a name ued by Arabian writers for a pecies of cucumis. See. <section end="Abdelavi" /> <section begin="Abdest" />ABDEST, a term ued for the legal purifications by water, practied among the Mahometans and Perians before they begin their religious ceremonies. <section end="Abdest" /> <section begin="Abdicarian" />ABDICARIAN propoition, in logic, the ame with a negative one. See, and Propoition. <section end="Abdicarian" /> <section begin="Abdication" />ABDICATION, the action of renouncing or giving up an office. <section end="Abdication" /> <section begin="Abdomen" />ABDOMEN, in anatomy, is that part of the trunk of the body which lies between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis. See, part VI. <section end="Abdomen" /> <section begin="Abduction" />ABDUCTION, a form of reaoning among logicians, which conits in drawing concluions from certain and undeniable propoitions. See.

, in urgery, a pecies of fracture wherein the broken parts of the bone recede from each other. See, Of fractures. <section end="Abduction" /> <section begin="Abductor" />ABDUCTOR, in anatomy, the name of everal mucles which erve to open or draw back the parts to which they are fixed. See, Part VI. <section end="Abductor" /> <section begin="Abel-Tree" />ABEL-TREE, or, an obolete name for a pecies of the poplar. See. <section end="Abel-Tree" /> <section begin="Abelians" />ABELIANS,, or , a ect of heretics that prung up near Hippo in Africa during the reign of Arcadius. They had one ditinguihing and extraordinary tenet, which was to marry, but never to conummate. <section end="Abelians" /> <section begin="Abelmosch" />ABELMOSCH, or, in botany, the trivial name of a pecies of the hibicus. See. <section end="Abelmosch" /> <section begin="Abensburg" />ABENSBURG, or, a mall town in Bavaria, on the river Abanæ, near the Danube. <section end="Abensburg" /> <section begin="Aberbrothock" />ABERBROTHOCK, one of the royal boroughs of Scotland, ituated in the county of Angus, about 40 miles north of Edinburgh. Its wet long, is 2. 20. and N. lat. 56. 30. There was formerly one of the richet monateries in Scotland in this town. It was founded by King William of Scotland about the year 1170, in honour of Thomas Becket Archbihop of Canterbury, with whom he is aid to have been intimately acquainted. This monastery received coniderable donations from Gilcrit Earl of Angus, and Gilbred his on. It was poeed by the monks of St. Bennet. The inhabitants of Aberbrothock, for the <section end="Aberbrothock" /> ake