Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/849

Rh of Fulda was only one of several founded by Boniface, the so called &quot; apostle of Germany,&quot; but it was specially fav oured by its founder, who selected it for his burying place, and it was by far the most important. The first abbot was Sturmius, the son of noble Christian parents in Noricum, who along with several other youths left their homes to follow Boniface, and were trained by him for missionary work. Boniface, notwithstanding his intense hatred of the Celtic missionaries, the true apostles of Germany, was con tent to imitate their mode of evangelical work ; and the monastery of Fulda, though under Benedictine rule, in almost all respects resembled the great missionary institu tions of Tours and lona. Sturmius was sent by his master to seek for a convenient place for the monastery, and after two unsuccessful efforts he at length found a spot on the banks of the Fulda which Boniface approved of. A grant of the site, with four miles of surrounding demesne, was obtained from Carloman. Boniface himself superin tended the clearing of the forest and the erection of the building. He sent Sturmius for a year to Italy to visit monasteries, and especially to study the mode of life in the great Benedictine convent of Monte Cassino. The Bene dictine rule was adopted, and Sturmius with seven com panions began their work of preaching, education, and civilization. They taught the rude tribes agriculture, masonry, and the other arts of peace. Soon a school was. formed, and the educational organization seems to have re sembled in the closest way that of the great Celtic monas teries. The school at Fulda speedily became the most famous portion of the monastery, and was the centre of the earlier medieval theological learning. Rabanus Maurus, the first of the schoolmen, was a teacher in the convent school, and many of the most famous princes of the times were educated in the lay-school. When Alcuin laid the basis of the university system of mediaeval Europe, it was to Fulda as well as to Durham and Scotland that he looked for help in carrying out his designs. Fulda became the parent of many other missionary monasteries, the most famous of these being Hirschau in Swabia. In the abbot of Fulda was recognized as primate of the other abbeys of Germany; but wealth and power brought corruption. In the the monastery had to be reformed, and this was done by turning out the old monks, bringing a number of new ones from Scotland, and re establishing in all its strictness the old Benedictine rule. The later history of Fnlda has merely an antiquarian and local interest. Its practical work was done when the evangelization of Germany was complete ; for Fulda, like the Celtic monasteries, was fitted for missionary work and little else. Investigations have shown curious sympathies with the Reformation of the among the abbots and monks of Fulda.

1em  FULHAM, a suburb of London, in the county of Middlesex, is situated on the Thames, 5 miles 8.W. of St Paul s, and opposite Putney, with which it is connected by a curious old wooden bridge erected in 1729. In 1642 a bridge of boats was constructed across the river at this point by the earl of Essex, in order to convey his army into Surrey. Fulham has been connected with the see of London from a period long anterior to the conquest. The village is irregularly built, and has a somewhat old-fashioned and antique appearance. It contains an orphanage, a re formatory, and other charitable institutions. In the neigh bourhood there are a number of gentlemen s seats, and of old mansions which have been occupied by persons of celebrity. There are extensive nurseries and market gardens in the parish, and in the village there is a largs pottery. The parish church, in the Decorated English style, possesses a picturesque tower 95 feet in height. In the church and churchyard there are a number of fine monu ments of distinguished persons, including those of tho bishops of London. The Palace has been the summer resi dence of the bishops of London since the time of Henry VII., with the exception of the period of the Common wealth when it was sold to Colonel Edmund Harvey. It is a large brick structure of various dates and of small architectural merit. The grounds, which are surrounded by a moat, are 40 acres in extent. They are remarkable for the beauty of their arrangements, and contain many rare plants and shrubs. Fulbam is included in the parliamen tary borough of Chelsea. The population of the parish in 1871 was 23,350.  FULLER, (–), a distinguished  and   of the , was  on the 6th of  , at , in , where his father was a small , and received the rudiments of his  at the  of  to which place his parents had removed about. Early in life he began to assist in of the, and he continued to do so till. In he became a member of the   at, and soon afterwards began to exercise his gifts as an  with so great approval that, in the  of , he was called and  as  of that. In he removed to  in, where, besides other advantages, he enjoyed that of frequent intercourse with some of the most eminent  of , such as , , and the s. About  the  prevalent among the  of  had come to be mingled and overlaid with many crudities which the n  would have disowned as foreign to ; and for many  Fuller’s ual and ual development had been much impeded, not only by the narrowness of his outward circumstances, and by the defects of his early , but also by the contracted  of those to whom he had been accustomed to look for guidance. Even before leaving, however, he had written the substance of a , in which he had sought to counteract that hyper- which, &ldquo;admitting nothing ually good to be the of the unregenerate, and nothing to be addressed to them in a way of  excepting what related to external obedience,&rdquo; had so long perplexed his own. This work he, under the title The Gospel worthy of all Acceptation, soon after his settlement in ; and although it immediately involved him in a somewhat bitter controversy which lasted for nearly 20 , it was ultimately successful, as from its ability and force it deserved to be, in considerably modifying the views prevalent among  with regard to the matters of which it treats. In he  a treatise in which the ic and   were examined and compared as to their. This, which, along with another against , entitled The Gospel its own Witness, is regarded as the production on which his reputation as a mainly rests, was attacked by Toulmin and Kentish, to whom he replied in a supplementary pamphlet in which the weak side of  was still further exposed. Fuller also an admirable Memoir of the Rev. Samuel Pearce, of, and a  of Expository Lectures in Genesis, besides a considerable number of smaller pieces, chiefly sermons and pamphlets, which have been issued in a collected form since his death, and like everything he did gave evidence of great intellectual vigour and acuteness as well as of deep religious convictions. Perhaps the most 