Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/842

 806 U C F U C Wald, May 15, 1774. Having acquired a knowledge of medicine at Vienna and Heidelberg, be in 1801 turned his attention to chemistry and mineralogy, which lie studied at Freiberg, Berlin, and Paris. In 1807 he became professor of those sciences at the university of Landshut, and in 1823 conservator of the mineralogical collections at Munich, where, on the occasion of the removal thither of the uni versity of Landshut, in 1826 he was appointed professor of mineralogy. In 1852 he retired from public life, and in 1854 ho was raised to the nobility by the king of Bavaria. He died at Munich, March 5, 1856. Mineralogy and in organic chemistry are indebted to Fuchs for numerous re searches. He is more especially known for his discovery, in 1823, of a process for making a soluble glass, used for fixing fresco-colours, according to the method termed stereochromy. Among his works are Uebar den gegcnscitigcn Einfluss dcr Chemic uml Mincralogic, Munich, 1824 ; Die Naturgeschichte dcs Mincralrcichs, Kempten, 1842; Ucbcrdic Thcoricn dcr Erdc, Munich, 1844; Bcrcitung, Eiyai- schaftcn, und Nutzanwcndung dcs JF~asscrglassc,s, Munich, 1857, of which French translations appeared in 1861 and 1864. His col lective works were published at Munich in 1856. FUCHS, LEONHARD (1501-1566), a celebrated German physician, and one of the fathers of scientific botany, was born at Wembdingan in Bavaria, January 17, 1501. At the age of five years ho lost his father, but under the care of his mother he early made great progress in learning. In his tenth year ho was sent to school at Heilbronn, whence, a twelvemonth later, he was removed to Erfurt. After a year and a half he was admitted a student of the university of that town, which in 1521 conferred on him the degree of &quot; baccalaureus.&quot; During the next 18 months he gave les sons in Latin and literature in his native town. He then repaired to the university of Anspach, where in 1521 he was created a master of arts. About the same time he espoused the doctrines of the Reformation. Having in 1524 received his diploma as doctor of medicine, he practised for two years in Munich. He became in 1526 professor of medicine at Ingolstadt, and in 1528 physician to the mar grave of Anspach. In Anspach ho was the means of saving the lives of many during the epidemic locally known as the &quot; English sweating-sickness.&quot; By the duke of Wiirtemberg Fuchs was, in 1535, appointed to the professorship of medi cine at the university of Tubingen, a post held by him till his death, which took place May 10, 1566. Among his numerous writings are the following : Errata rcccntiorum medicorum LX numcro, adjectis corum confu- tationibus, Hagucnau, 1530, 4to ; Cornarius Furem (an answer to a pamphlet by his medical opponent Cornarius, entitled Vulpccula Excoriata), Basel, 1533, 8vo, Vienna, 1545; Paradoxorum mcdiciim libri trcs, Basel, 1535, fol., &c. ; Tabulae aliquot imivcrsce mcdidncc, Basel, 1538, 4to; DC, curandi ratione (Tiibingen, 1539)? 16mo, Leyd., 1548, 8vo, &c.; Medcndi Method-its, Basel, 1541, fol., Lyons, 1541, and Paris, 1550, 8vo; DC liistoria stirpium commcntarii in- signcs, Basel, 1542, fol., a work illustrated with more than 500 excellent outline illustrations, including figures of the common fox glove, and of another species of the genus Digitalis, so named by him : it was several times re-edited, and was translated into most European languages ; Do sanandis totius humani corporis. . . malis, Basel, 1542, 8vo, Paris, 1543, and Lyons, 1547, 16mo; Nicolai Myrcpsi Mcdicamcntorum Opus,. . . e grccco in latinum conrcrsum, 1549, fol.; Institutiones Mcdidncc, Leyd. (2d ed.), 1560 8vo- DC eomponendorum misccndorumque incdicamcntorum rationc, Leyd., 1561, fol.; DC compositions medicamcntorum, Lyons, 1563, 12mo Opcru Didacticn, a revised collection of various of his already pub lished works, Frankf., 1566 and 1604, fol.: the latter edition has prefixed to it a life of the author by Hitzler. Fuchs was an advo cate of the Galenic school of medicine, and published several Latin translations of treatises by its founder and by Hippocrates, besides controversial tracts against tho opinions of H. Thriverius, G. Ryffius, C. Egenolphus, G. Rufmus, G. Puteanus, and S. Montius. FUCHSIA, so named by Plumier in honour of the bot anist Lconhard Fuchs (v. supra), a genus of plants of tho natural order Onagraceee, characterized by entire, usually opposite leaves pendent flowers ; a funnel-shaped, brightly coloured, quadripartite, deciduous calyx ; 4 petals, alternat ing with tho calycine segments ; 8, rarely 10, exserted stamens, a long and filiform style, and inferior ovary] and fleshy, ovoid, many-seeded berries or fruit. All the members of the genus, with the exception of the New Zealand species, F. excorticata, F. Kirkei, and F. procicm- bens, are natives of Central and South America, occurring in the interior of forests, or in damp and shady mountainous situations. The various species differ not a little in size as well as iu other characters ; some, as F. verrucosa, being dwarf shrubs; others, as F.arborescens and F. apttala, attain ing a height of 12 to 16 feet, and having stems several inches in diameter. Plumier, in his Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera, p. 14, tab. 14, Paris, 1703, 4to, gave a description of a species of fuchsia, the first known, under the name of Fuchsia triphylla, flore coccineo, and a some what conventional outline figure of the same plant was pub lished at Amsterdam, in 1757, by Burmann. 1 In the His- toire des Plantes Medecinales of the South American tra veller Feuille e (p. 64, pi. XLVIL), written in 1709-11, and published by him with his Journal, Paris, 1725, the name Thilco is applied to a species of fuchsia from Chili, which is described, though not evidently so figured, as having a pentamerous calyx. The F. coccinea of Aiton (see Dr J. D. Hooker, J. Proc, Linnean Soc., Botany, vol. x. p. 458, 1867), the first species of fuchsia cultivated in England, where it was long confined to the greenhouse, was brought from South America by Captain Firth in 1788, and placed in Kew Gardens. Of this species Mr Lee, a nurseryman at Hammersmith, soon afterwards obtained an example, and procured from it by means of cuttings several hundred plants, which he sold at a guinea each. In 1823 F. ma- crostemon and F. yracilis, and during the next two or three years several other species, were introduced into England ; but it was not until about 1837, or soon after florists had acquired F. fulgens, that varieties of interest began to make their appearance. The numerous hybrid forms now exist ing are the result chiefly of the intercrossing of that or other long-flowered with globose-flowered plants. F. Venus victrix, raised by Mr Gulliver, gardener to the Ptev. S. Marriott of Horsemonden, Kent, and sold in 1822 to Messrs Cripps, was the earliest white-sepalled fuchsia, and is one of tho best of its kind for hybridization. The first fuchsia with a white corolla was produced about 1853 by Mr Storey. In some varieties the blossoms are variegated, and in others thsy are double. There appears to be very little limit to the number of forms to be obtained by careful cultivation and selection. To hybridize, the flower as soon as it opens is emasculated, and it is then fertilized with pollen from some different flower. As seed in the high-bred varieties of fuchsia is produced in but small quantity, it is worth, if it will germinate, at least 50 guineas an ounce (see H. Cannel, Gardener s Mag., 1875, p. 251). To procure the seed, which when good is firm and plump, the ripe pods are sun-dried for a few days, and then crushed between the finger and thumb ; the seed is next cleansed in water from the surrounding pulp, dried in saucers, and wrapped in paper for use. It is sown about February or March in light, rich, well-drained mould, and is thinly covered with sandy soil, and watered. A temperature of 70-75 Fahr. has been found suitable for raising. The seedlings are pricked off into shallow pots or pans, and when 3 inches in height are transferred to 3-inch pots, and are then treated the same as plants from cuttings (v. inf.}. Fuchsias may be grafted as readily as camellias, preferably by the splice or whip method, the apex of a young shoot being employed as a 1 Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus Scxtus, Contincns Plantas, quas olim Carolus Plumicrius, flotanicorum Princess, Dctexit, Eruitque. J. Burmannus atque in Insulis Antillis ipse dcpinxit, pp. 124, 125, tab. cxxxiii.