Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/841

 F U A F U C 805 of prison reform in Europe, was born in Norwich on the 21st of May 1780. Her father, John Gurney, afterwards of Earlham Hall, a wealthy merchant and banker, repre sented an old family which for some generations had bc- bnged to the Society of Friends ; and her mother, Catharine Bell, was a great granddaughter of Robert Barclay, the friend and companion of Georgo Fox. Elizabeth was the third daughter in a large family, which included Joseph John Gurney, whose name is intimately associated with those of Buxton, Wilberforce, and other promoters of the anti-slavery cause. While still a girl, she gave many indi cations of the benevolence of disposition, clearness and in dependence of judgment, and strength of purpose, for which she was afterwards so distinguished ; but it was not until after she had entered her eighteenth year that her religion assumed a decided character, and that she was induced, under the preaching of the American Quaker, William Savery, to become an earnest and enthusiastic though never fanatical &quot; Friend.&quot; In August 1800 she became the wife of Joseph Fry, a London merchant, and had her home for some years in St Mildred s Court, City, and afterwards at Plashet House, Essex. Amid increasing family cares she was unwearied in her attention to the poor and the neglected of her neighbourhood; and in 1811 she was ac knowledged by her co-religionists as a &quot;minister,&quot; an hon our and responsibility for which she was undoubtedly quali fied, not only by vigour of intelligence and warmth of heart, but also by an altogether unusual faculty of clear, fluent, aud persuasive speech. Although she had made several visits to Newgate prison as early as February 1813, it was not until nearly four years afterwards, that the great public work of her life may be said to have begun. The &quot; Asso ciation for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate,&quot; was formed in April 1817. Its aim was the much-needed establishment of some of what are now le- garded as the first principles of prison-discipline, such as entire separation of the sexes, classification of criminals, femals supervision for the women, and adequate provision for their religious and secular instruction, as also for their useful employment. The ameliorations [effected by this association, and largely by the personal exertions of Mrs Fry, soon became obvious, and led to a rapid extension of similar methods to other places. In 1818 she, along with her brother, visited the prisons of Scotland and the north of England; and the publication (1819) of the notes of this tour, as also the cordial recognition of the value of her work by the House of Commons committee on the prisons of the metropolis, led to a great increase of her correspond ence, which now extended to Italy, Denmark, and Russia, as well as to all parts of the United Kingdom. Through a visit to Ireland, which she made in 1827, she was led to direct her attention to other houses of detention besides prisons ; and her observations resulted in many important improvements in the British hospital system, and in the treatment of the insane. In 1838 she visited France, and besides conferring with many of the leading prison officials, she personally visited most of the houses of detention in Paris, as well as in Rouen, Caen, and some other places. In the following year she obtained an official permission to visit all the prisons in that country ; and her tour, which extended from Boulogne and Abbeville to Toulouse and Marseilles, resulted in a report which was presented to the minister of the interior and the prefect of police. Before returning to England she had included Geneva, Zurich, Stuttgart, and Frankfort in her inspection. The summer of 1840 found her travelling through Belgium, Holland, and Prussia on the same mission ; and in 1841 she also visited Copenhagen. In 1842, through failing health, Mrs Fry was compelled to forego her plans for a still more widely extended activity, but had the satisfaction of hearing from almost every quarter of Europe that the authorities were giving increased practical effect to her suggestions. In 1844 she was seized with a lingering illness of which she died on the 12th of October 1845. She was survived by a numer ous family, the youngest of whom was born in 1822. Two interesting volumes of Memoirs, with Extracts from her Journals and Letters, edited by two of her daughters, were published in 1847. FUAD PASHA, MEHMED (1814-18G9), a Turkish statesman and author, was born at Constantinople in 1814. His father, Izzet-Effendi Kitchegizadey, better known as Izzet-Mollah, was a man of wealth and position, and had a high reputation as a poet ; but he fell into disgrace with the Turkish Government, and his estates were confiscated. Fuad being therefore compelled to adopt a profession chose that of medicine ; and after studying from 1828 to 1832 at Galata-Serai, he was appointed in 1834 physician to the admiralty, and accompanied the expedition against Tripoli. On his return to Constantinople he quitted the medical service and entered the interpreters office, with the view of qualifying himself for a diplomatic post. In 1840 he accompanied the Turkish embassy to London as first secre tary, and in 1843 he was appointed to the office of second interpreter to the Turkish Government, and subsequently to that of director of the translation office. Shortly after he was sent to congratulate Isabella II. on her accession to the throne of Spain. In 1845 he was appointed chief inter preter to the Porte; and in 1848, as grand-referendary of the imperial divan, he was named Ottoman commissioner, to settle the revolutionary disputes in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. On his rsturn from a special mission to Russia he was named minister of the interior, and shortly afterwards minister of foreign affairs. In 1853 he published a pamphlet on the question of the holy sepul chres, which greatly irritated the czar of Russia, and led Prince Menschikoff to act in such a manner that Fuad Pasha felt compelled, from self-respect, to tender his resignation to the Turkish Government. Shortly afterwards war was de clared between Russia and Turkey, and he was appointed commissioner at the headquarters of Omar Pasha. In 1855 he resumed his duties of foreign minister, and he continued in that office till the close of the war. In 1857 he became president of the council of tanzimat, in 1860 was appointed commissioner to Syria to settle the disputes be tween the Druses and the Maronites ; shortly after his return he was named grand vizier; and in 1863 he became war minister, and a little later returned to his old post of foreign minister. In 1867 he accompanied the sultan to England and France. He died at Nice, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, February 12, 1869. Fuad Pasha was one of the first members of the Turkish Imperial Academy of Sciences and Belles-Letters, founded in 1851. He is the author of a poem entitled Alhambra, written after his sojourn in Spain, and of a Turkish grammar. Tho suave and genial manners of Fuad Pasha, and his diplo matic talents, stood Turkey in good stead in connexion with the Crimean war and the various negotiations in reference to Turkey s relation to her Christian subjects, and helped to inspire a faith in her capacity for reforms, which later events have shown to have been largely misplaced. He endeavoured to secure to his country the material ad vantages to be derived from the adoption of European improvements, but his measures effected no lasting reform in her administration ; and by the adoption of a heedless system of credit, he largely increased her financial diffi culties. FUCHS, JOHANN JOSEPH. See Fux. FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856), an emi nent chemist and mineralogist, was born at Mattenzell, near Bremberg, in the neighbourhood of the Baierischer