Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/803

 F 11 E F R E 767 life-long exile ; and as poems of occasion although that occasion was a revolution they rank lower with the literary critic than the purely imaginative poetry of his youth. But by most Germans Freiligrath is best remembered as the political poet ; while among the countrymen of his own party, old political friends and felljw exiles, he has been called a poet-martyr, the &quot; bard of freedom,&quot; and &quot; inspired singer of the revolution.&quot; (F. M.) FIIEIND, JOHN (1675-1728), English physician, was born in 1675 at Croton in Northamptonshire. He made great progress in classical knowledge under Dr Busby at Westminster, and at Christ Church, Oxford, under Dr Aldrich, and while still very young, produced, along with Foulkes, an excellent edition of the speeches of ^schines and Demosthenes on the affair of Ctesiphon. After this he began the study of medicine, and having proved his scientific attainments by various treatises was appointed professor of chemistry at Oxford in 1704. In the following year he accompanied the English army, under the earl of Peterborough, into Spain, and, on returning liome in 1707, wrote an account of the expedition which attained great popularity. Two years later he published his Prelectioncs Cldmicce, which he dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton. In 1711 ho was elected fellow of the lloyal Society. Shortly after his return in 1713 from Flanders, whither he had ac companied the British troops, he took up his residence in London, where he soon obtained a great reputation as a physician. In 1716 he became fellow of the college of phy sicians, of which ho was chosen one of the censors in 1718, and Harveian orator in 1720. In 1722 he entered parlia ment as member for Launceston in Cornwall, but, being sus pected of favouring the cause of the exiled Stuarts, he spent half of that year in the Tower. During his imprisonment he conceived the plan of his most important and valuable work, The History of Physic, of which the first part appeared in 1725, and the second in the following year. In the latter year he was appointed physician to Queen Caroline, an office which he held till his death, 26th July 1728. A complete edition of his Latin works, with a Latin translation of the History of Physic, edited by Dr Wigan, was published in London in 1732. A monument was erected to Freind in Westminster Abbey. FREERE, FRANCISCO JOZE (1713-1773), a Portuguese historian and philologist, was born at Lisbon in 1713. He belonged to the monastic society of St Philip Neri, and was a zealous member of the literary association known as the Academy of Arcadians, in connexion with which he adopted the pseudonym of Candido Lusitano. He contri buted much to the improvement of the style of the Portu guese prose literature, but his endeavour to effect a reforma tion in the national poetry by a translation of Horace s Ars Portico, was less successful. The work in which he set forth his opinions regarding the vicious taste pervading the current Portuguese prose literature is entitled Maximas sobre a Arte Oratorio,, and is preceded by a chronological table forming almost a social and physical history of Portu gal His best known work, however, is his Vida do Infant D. Henrique, which has given him a place in the first rank of Portuguese historians. He also wrote an account of the great earthquake of 1775, and his Reflexions sur la Langue Portiiyaise was published in 1842 by the Lisbon society for the promotion of useful knowledge. He died in 1773. FREISCHUTZ is, in German folklore, a marksman who by a compact with the devil has obtained a certain number of bullets destined to hit without fail whatever object he wishes. As the legend is usually told, six of the Freikugeln or &quot;free bullets&quot; are thus subservient to the marksman s will, but the seventh is at the absolute disposal of the devil himself. Various methods were adopted in order to procure possession of the marvellous missiles. According to one the marksman, instead of swallowing the sacramental host, kept it and fixed it on a tree, shot at it, and caused it to bleed great drops of blood, gathered the drops on a piece of cloth and reduced the whole to ashes, and then with these ashes added the requisite virtue to the lead of which his bullets were made. Various vegetable or animal sub stances had the reputation of serving the same purpose. Stories about the Freischiitu were especially common in Germany during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries; but the first time that the legend was turned to literary profit is said to have been by Apel in the Gespensterluch or &quot; Book of Ghosts.&quot; It has become universally known as the basis of Weber s opera Der Freischiitz (1821), the libretto of which was written by Friedrich Kind, who had sug gested Apel s story as an excellent theme for the composer. The name by which the Freischutz is known in French is Robin des Bois. According to some mythologists, the legend is to be traced back to the great solar myth. See Kind, FreyschiUzbucli, Leipsic, 1843; Revue de.s Deux Mondes t February 1855; Grasse, Die Quellc des Freischiitz, Dresden, 1875. FREISING, FUEYSING, or FREISINGEN, a town of Bavaria, district of Upper Bavaria, is situated on the Isar, 20 miles N.N.E. of Munich. It has breweries, distilleries, dyeworks, sawmills, and machine factories. Among the principal buildings are the cathedral (famous for its crypt), erected in the end of the 12th century, the town-hall, the lyceum, and the gymnasium. Freising is a very ancient town, and is said to have been founded by the Romans. It at any rate existed as early as 444 A.D., and was made the seat of a bishop in 724. In 1802 the bishopric was united to the newly-created archbishopric of Munich, whose occupant bears the title of Freising as well as Munich. The population of Freising in 1875 was 8252. FREIWALDAU, a town in Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau, is situated in a pleasant valley 40 miles W.N.W. of Troppau. It was formerly a protection-town of the arch bishopric of Breslau, and possesses an old castle and a large church. Its industries are linen and cotton weaving, flax- spinning, and wax-bleaching About a mile and a half distant is the well-known hydropathic establishment of Griifenberg, In 1869 the population of Freiwaldau, including suburbs, was; / 5242. FREJUS, the ancient Forum Julii, a town of France, department of Var, about a mile from the Mediterranean, and 15 miles S.E. of Draguignan. It is the seat of a bishop, and has some handsome moaern buildings, among which are the cathedral and the episcopal palace, both of Gothic architecture, and constructed partly of the remains of Roman edifices. It possesses manufactures of cork and soap, and among the minerals of the neighbourhood are coal, pumice stone, porphyry, jasper, and amethyst. Frejus took its name from Julius Caesar, who is said to have established a Roman colony there. It was improved by Augustus, and in the time of the subsequent emperors it became an important naval station. Among the remains of the ancient town are a triumphal arch, a ruined amphi theatre, traces of two moles which formed the entrance of the port, and portions of a fine aqueduct, which brought the waters of the Siagne into the town from a distance of HO miles. Traces of the old walls of the town are also visible. The port, which communicated with the sea by means of a canal, has been dried up, and its site is now oc cupied by gardens. At St Raphael, a fishing village about a mile and a half distant, Napoleon disembarked on his re turn from Egypt in 1799, and re-embarked for Elba in 1814. The population of Frejus in 1876 was 2791. See Texier, Memoires sur la mile et le port de Frejus, 1847. FREMONT, a city of the United States of America, capital of Sandusky, county Ohio, is situated on the San- dusky river at the head of navigation, 30 miles east of