Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/78

 F E L F E L rinara, he says, &quot; rises a singular round rocky cliff literally specked all over with tombs.&quot; For further information about Lycia compare with the works of Fellows Leake s Asia Minor, the Travels in Lycia of Spratt and Forbes, and Description de VAsie Mineure by Texier. Papers on the Lycian language by Mr Daniel Sharpe arc appended to the works of Fellows. In 1844 Fellows presented to the British Museum his portfolios, accounts of his expedi tions, and specimens of natural history illustrative of Lycia. In 1845 he received the order of knighthood &quot;as an acknowledgment of his services in the removal of the Xanthian antiquities to this country,&quot; Fellows was twice married. He died in 1860. In addition to the works above mentioned, Fellows published the following The Xanthian Marbles; their Acquisition and Trans mission to England, 1843 ; An Account of the Ionic Trophy Monu ment excavated at Xanthus, 1848 ; a cheap edition of his two Journals, entitled Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, parti cularly in tJie Province of Lycia, 1852; and Coins of Ancient Lycia before the Reign of Alexander ; with an Essay on the Relative Dates of the Lycian Monuments in the British Museum, 1855. FELO DE SE is one who commits murder upon himself. The technical conditions of murder apply to this crime; e.g., &quot; if one commits any unlawful malicious act, the consequence of which is his own death, as if attempting to kill another he runs upon his antagonist s sword, or shooting at another the gun bursts and kills himself,&quot; he is &felo de se. The horror inspired by this crime led to the revolting punishment of an &quot; ignominious burial on the highway, with a stake driven through the body.&quot; This was abolished by 4 Geo. IV. c. 52, which ordered the burial of the body of a person found to be felo de se within 24 hours after the coroner s inquest, between the hours of 9 and 12 at night, and without Christian rites of sepulture. See SUICIDE. FELONY. In English law crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanours. The difference between them does not depend on their gravity as offences, nor on the amount of punishment attached to them, it is purely his torical. Felonies are those crimes which at common law brought with them after conviction forfeiture of goods. Since the Felony Act, noticed below, this is no longer an existing ground of distinction. Legal writers have sought to throw light on the nature of felony by examining the etymology of the word. One derivation suggested is from the Greek &amp;lt;/&amp;gt;7?A.os, an impostor. Others connect it with the Latin verb folio. Coke says it is crimen animo felleo per- petratum (a crime committed with malicious or evil intent). Spelman connects it with the word fee, signifying fief or feud ; and felony in this way would be equivalent to pretium feudi, an act for which a man lost or gave up his fee (see Stephen s Blackstone, vol. iv. p. 7). And it appears that acts involving forfeiture were styled felonies in feudal law, although they had nothing of a criminal character about them. A breach of duty on the part of the vassal, neglect of service, delay in seeking investiture, and the like were felonies. Injuries by the lord against the vassal were also felonies. In course of time felonies came to mean capital crimes, although there were a few felonies not punishable by death, and a few capital crimes which were not regarded as felonies. It became a principle of law that when a crime was declared by statute to be a felony, the punishment of death with forfeiture of land and goods necessarily attached (Blackstone s Commentaries, iv. 94). Blackstone accordingly makes felony include all capital crimes below treason. &quot; Every person convicted of any felony for which no punishment is specially provided by the law in force for the time being is liable upon con viction thereof to be sentenced to penal servitude for any period not exceeding seven years, or to be imprisoned with or without hard labour and solitary confinement for any term not exceeding two years, and if a male to be once, twice, or thrice publicly or privately whipped in addition to such imprisonment&quot; (Stephen s Digest of the Criminal Lau&amp;gt;, art. 18). The only practical distinction between felony and misdemeanour is that for the former arrests may be made by private persons acting without judicial authority. The Felony Act, 1870, abolished forfeitures for felony. FELT is a fabric which results from the matting and intimate adhesion of fibrous materials among themselves, and is not. like ordinary cloth, produced by any spinning and weaving processes. All ordinary textile fibres possess sufficient adhesive tendency to enable them to be handled for spinning ; but it is only in certain animal fibres that the peculiarity is so marked as to fit them for felting. The property results chiefly from the serrated or jagged structure of wool and hair, and efficient felting is also pro moted by the crimped or wavy form which some fibres naturally assume. These properties are best developed in the short &quot; carding &quot; wool of such sheep as the merino and Saxony breeds, long &quot; combing &quot; wools possessing them in a less degree. Unwashed wool, being coated with the natural grease, does not felt. The hair of other animals, as of the rabbit, hare, coypu, vicugna, musquash, and ox, is employed for making felt of various kinds and for different purposes, Felt has been made and used from the most remote antiquity, and indeed, considering the simplicity of the material and the readiness with which wool felts, it is quite probable that it was known before woven fabrics. From time immemorial it has been employed for clothing and tent covers by the tribes of Central Asia, and to the present day it remains in extensive use among the Circassian, Armenian, and Tartar tribes, It is mentioned by Xenophon and Pliny, and Marco Polo describes its manufacture and applications in Central Asia. Felting results from combined pressure and moisture, and is favoured by heat. Ordinary broad-cloth and all &quot; fulled &quot; woollen textures are partly felted, the fulling process having for its object a partial felting of the previously woven material; and the shrinking of woollen garments after washing, with which all are familiar, results from a felting by which the fibres draw closer together, the cloth gaining in thickness and solidity what it loses in superficial extent. The applications of felt are numerous, a certain range of qualities being used for clothing, domes tic, and upholstery purposes, while other and generally rougher felts are employed for mechanical appliances. The manufacture of felt hats constitutes its most extensive application, for which see the article HAT. Its manu facture in the form of carpets, drugget, table covers, and articles of clothing is also important and extensive. The felt for these purposes is made chiefly from wool, which is, after washing, first carded out into exceedingly fine uniform gossamer-like laps. These laps, of the length and breadth of the web to be made, are superimposed on each other in numbers corresponding to the thickness desired in the finished article. The superficial stratum is usually of finer texture than the body, and the mass when ready for felting has the appearance of a huge sheet of cotton wadding. In this state the compound lap is passed between a series of opposite pressing rollers partly immersed in water, some of which are solid and heavy and others hollow and heated internally by steam. In its progress the lap is not only squeezed between the rollers, but an oscillating motion being given to the upper series, it is at the same time sub mitted to a rubbing action, the result being that it issues a dense compact sheet of felt of uniform thickness. Felt so made is subsequently dysd, printed, and otherwise finished by the ordinary processes applicable to woven tissues. A patent has recently been secured for a carpet made of uniform strips of felt set on edge and tightly laced