Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/778

 742 FEE- joined the Smalkald League, but he afterwards signed the Augsburg Interim, and became reconciled with Charles V. He died in 1556. FREDERICK III. (1515-1576), elector palatine, sur- named the Pious, eldest son of John II., palatine of Sim- mern, was born in 1515, succeeded his father in 1556, and became elector palatine on the death of Otto Henry in 1559. On his marriage in 1537 to the Lutheran Princess Maria of Brandenburg-Baireuth, he adopted the Protestant faith, and in 1560 he replaced the Lutheran confession and worship by that of the Reformed or Calvinistic, on which account an unsuccessful attempt was made in 1566 by several of the Lutheran princes to obtain an imperial edict against him. He died 26th October 1576. See Kluckhohn, Friedrich dor Frommc, Nordlingen, 1878. Two volumes of his letters were previously edited by Kluckhohn. FREDERICK IV. (1574-1610), elector palatine, sur- named the Upright, son of Elector Louis VI. and of Elizabeth of Hesse, was born in 1574, succeeded his father under the guardianship of his uncle John Casimir in 1583, and after the death of the latter in 1592 ruled as independ ent governor. His reign is chiefly of importance for the steadfast and firm support he rendered to the Protestant cause. Under his auspices the Protestant union of Ger many was formed in 1601. Mannheim, which had greatly increased through the influx of Protestant refugees, was raised by him to the rank of a town. He died in 1610. FREDERICK V. (1596-1632), elector palatine and king of Bohemia, son of Frederick IV. and of Louisa Julia, daughter of William of Orange, was born at Amberg in 1596, and succeeded his father in 1610, under the guar dianship of Duke John of Deux-Ponts. In 1613 he married Elizabeth, daughter of James I, of England ; and on undertaking the government of his palatinate two years afterwards, he became the head of the Protestant union of German princes, on which account, and because of his connexion with England, he was in 1619 chosen king of Bohemia. He shrank from this difficult position, but at last accepted it, partly owing to his wife s influence, but mainly in deference to the entreaties of a number of land less princes who had great power over him. When his forces were confronted at Prague, November 8, 1620, by those of the emperor under Tilly, his courage so utterly forsook him that he fled in panic from the field before the battle had commenced, and ignominiously took refuge in Holland from the dangers and difficulties of his position the general ridicule with which he was regarded being indicated by dubbing him with the title &quot;Winter-King.&quot; The remainder of his life was spent in vain endeavours to enlist the help of various European sovereigns to enable him to wrest hia palatinate from Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, who had been invested with its sovereignty by the emperor. Frederick died at Mainz, November 19, 1632. FREDERICK CITY, the capital of Frederick county, Maryland, U.S., is situated on Carroll s Creek, a tributary of the Monocacy, 45 miles N.W. of Washington. It is well and regularly built, and most of its houses are of brick or stone. It has a considerable agricultural trade, and its industries include iron, wood, leather, paper, and the pre serving of fruit and vegetables. Among its educational institutions are the college established by the State in 1797, the female seminary, the academy connected with the convent of the visitation nuns, and the deaf and dumb institution. During the civil war the city was occupied on different occasions by the opposing armies. The popu lation of Frederick in 1860 was 8142, and in 1870 8526, of whom 1822 were coloured. FREDERICKSBURG, a city of Spottsylvania county, Virginia, U.S., on the S.W. side of the Rappahannock river, -FEE 110 miles above its mouth in Chesapeake Bay, and 61 miles N. of Richmond. The river, which is tidal up to this point, is here closed by a dam 900 feet long. It supplies motive-power for flour and other mills, and affords faci lities for transportation of grain, marble, and freestone. Near the city is an unfinished monument, begun in 1833, over the grave of the mother of Washington. At Fre- dericksburg the Federal troops sustained a repulse by the Confederate forces, December 13, 1862. The population in 1860 was 5022, and in 1870 4046, of whom 1331 were coloured. FREDERICKSHALD, or FREDERICKSHALL, a maritime town of Norway, stift of Christiania, at the junction of the Iddefjord with the Tistedals, 57 miles S.S.E. of Christiania. It has an excellent harbour, and considerable trade in to bacco, sugar, iron, and wood. A regular line of steamers connects it with Christiania. Frederickshald is noted for its strong castle of Fredericksteen, which stands on a per pendicular rock 350 feet high overhanging the sea, and is considered one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It was at the siege of this fortress that Charles XII., king of Sweden, was killed on llth December 1718. The town itself is not walled. Its old name was Halden, and it received the addition of Frederick from Frederick III. of Denmark and Norway after its successful defence against the Swedes in 1665. It was almost totally destroyed by fire in 1759, and has since been rebuilt in a neat and regular manner. The castle surrendered to the Swedish crown- prince Bernadotte in 1814, and its capture was speedily followed by the conquest of the kingdom and its union with Sweden. The population in 1875 was 9956. FREDERICKSTAD, a fortified town of Norway, stift of Christiania, is situated at the mouth of the Glommen, 48 miles S.E. of Christiania. The principal buildings are the church, the town-hall, the arsenal, and the magazine. It has manufactures of hardware, pottery, and brandy, and a considerable shipping trade and commerce in wood. About a mile and a half distant is the fall of the Glommen known as Sarpfos. Frederickstad was founded by Fre derick II. in 1567. It was for a long time strongly for tified, and in 1716 Charles XII. of Sweden made a vain attempt to capture it. The population in 1875 was 9562. FREDERICTON, a city and port of entry of New Brunswick, Canada, capital of the province, is situated on the St John river. 88 miles from its mouth. It stands on a plain bounded on one side by the river, which is here three- fourths of a mile broad, and on the other by a range of hills which almost encircle the town. It is regularly built with long and straight streets, and contains some handsome public buildings, among which are the province hall, the government house, the county court-house, the cathedral church, the university, and several other educational esta blishments. Fredericton is the principal commercial en trepot with the interior of the province, and has also a large trade in lumber. The river is navigable for large steamers up to the city, and above it transport is effected in vessels of lighter draughts. A steam- ferry across the river con nects the city with the town of St Mary. Fredericton was incorporated in 1849. Population in 1852, 4458, and in 1871, 6006. FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, THE, is the name of a well-known ecclesiastical organization which includes a considerable proportion of the inhabitants of Scotland. In one sense the Free Church dates its existence from the Dis ruption of 1843, in another it claims to be the rightful re presentative of the National Church of Scotland as it was reformed in 1560. 1 In order to indicate the nature of the 1 &quot; It is her being free, not her being established, that constitutes the real historical and hereditary identity of the Reformed National Church of Scotland.&quot; See Act and Declaration, &o., of Free Assembly, 1851.