Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/77

 F E L F E L 67 FELLATAHS, or FOULAHS. See AFRICA, vol. i. p. 2G3. FELLENBERG, PHILIPP EMANUEL VON (1771-1844), educationist, was born 27th June 1771 at Bern, in Switzer land. His father was of patrician family, and a man of importance in his canton, and his mother was a grand daughter of the Dutch admiral Van Tromp. From his mother and from Pfeffel, the blind poet of Coluiar, he received a better education than falls to the lot of most boys, while the intimacy of his father with Pestalozzi gave to his mind that bent which it afterwards followed. In 1790 he entered the university of Tubingen, where he dis tinguished himself by his rapid progress in legal studies. On account of his health he afterwards undertook a walking tour in Switzerland and the adjoining portions of France, Swabia, and Tyrol, visiting the hamlets and farm-houses, mingling in the labours and occupations of the peasants and mechanics, and partaking of their rude fare and lodg- After the downfall of Robespierre, he went to Paris in.&quot;. and remained there long enough to be assured of the storm impending over his native country. This he did his best to avert, but his warnings were disregarded, and Switzer land was lost before any efficient means could be taken for its safety. Fellenberg, who had hastily raised a levy en masse, was proscribed ; a price was set upon his head, and he was compelled to fly into Germany. Shortly afterwards, however, he was recalled by his countrymen, and sent on a mission to Paris to remonstrate against the rapacity and cruelty of the agents of the French republic. But in this and other diplomatic offices which ho held for a short time, he was witness to so much corruption and intrigue that his mind revolted from the idea of a political life, and he returned home with the intention of devoting himself wholly to the education of the young. With this resolution he purchased in 1799 the estate of Hofwj T l, near Bern, in tending to make agriculture the basis of a new system which he had projected, for elevating the lower and rightly training the higher orders of the state, and welding them together in a closer union than had hitherto been deemed attainable. For some time he carried on his labours in conjunction with Pestalozzi, but incompatibility of disposi tion soon induced them to separate. The scheme of Fel lenberg at first excited a large amount of ridicule, but gradually it began to attract the notice of foreign countries ; and pupils, some of them of the highest rank, began to flock to him from every country in Europe, both for the pur pose of studying agriculture and to profit by the high moral training which he associated with his educational system. For forty-five years Fellenberg, assisted by his wife, con tinued his educational labours, and latterly raised his institution to the highest point of prosperity and usefulness. He died 21st November 1844. See Hamm, Fellcnbcrg s Lclcn itnd JFirfccn, Bern, 1845; and Soliom, Dcr Stiftcr von Hofwyl, Lclen und Wirkcn Fcllcriberg s. FELLER, FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (1735-1802), a Belgian author, was born at Brussels 18th August 1735. In 1752 he entered a school of the Jesuits at Rheims, where he manifested a great aptitude for mathematics and physical science. He commenced his noviciate two years after wards, and in testimony of his admiration for the apostle of India arlded Xavier to his surname. On the expiry of his noviciate he became professor at Luxembourg, and after wards at Liege. In 1764 he was appointed to the professorship of theology at Tyrnau in Hungary, but in 1771 he returned to Belgium and continued to discharge his professorial duties at Liege till the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. The remainder of his life he devoted to study, travel, and literature. On the invasion of Belgium by the French in 1794 he went to Paderborn, and remained there two years, after which he took up his residence at Ratisbon, where he died 23d May 1802. Feller s works exceed 120 volumes. In 1773 he published, under the assumed name Flexier de Reval (an anagram of Xavier (!; Feller), his Cattchisrme philosopliiqw ; and his principal work, Dictionnairc historique ct littera.ire (published in 1781 at Lieg-&amp;gt;, in 8 volumes, and afterwards several times reprinted and continued down to 1848) appeared under the same name. Among his other works the most important are Cours de morale diriticnne ct de I litera ture religicusc and his Coup d ccil sur congr&s d Ems. The Journal historique ct litterairc, published at Luxembourg and Liege from 1774 to 1794 in 70 volumes, was edited and in great part written by him. FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1 799-1 8GO), a distinguished traveller and antiquary, was born in 1799 at Nottingham, where the family had held an ancestral estate for a con siderable time. While only fourteen he drew sketches to illustrate a trip to the ruins of Newstead Abbey, which afterwards appeared on the title page of Moore s Life of Lord Byron. In early youth he travelled through a great part of Britain, and in 1820 settled in London, where he proved an active member of the British Association for the advancement of science. In 1827 he distinguished himself as a traveller in Switzerland, and discovered the modem route to the top of Mont Blanc. After the death of his mother in 1832, he gave full scope to his natural bent, and passed the greater portion of each of the next ten years in Italy or Greece, or on the shores of the Levant. The numerous sketches he executed were largely used by Mr Murray in illustrating Chllde Harold. In 1838 Fellows, induced by his passion for natural beauty and his preference of a simple peasant life to an artificial civilization, started for Asia Minor, where Smyrna was the centre of his travels. His explorations of parts of the interior and south led him to districts practically unknown to Europeans, and he thus discovered ruins of a number of ancient cities which existed earlier than 300 B.C. He entered Lycia and ex plored the Xanthus from the mouth at Patara upwards. Nine miles from Patara, he discovered the ruins of Xanthus, the ancient capital of Lycia, finely situated on hills, and abounding in magnificent remains. About fifteen miles further up he came upon the ruins of Tlos. After taking sketches of the most interesting objects and copying a num ber of inscriptions, he returned to Smyrna through Caria and Lydia. Actuated by enlightened zeal, he soon brought his discoveries before European men of letters; and the publica tion of A Journal ivritten during an Excursion in Asia Minor (London, 1839) roused such strong interest in England that Lord Palmerston, at the request of the British Museum authorities, asked the English consul at Constantinople to get leave from the sultan to ship a number of the Lycian works of art. Late in 1839 Fellows, under the auspices of the British Museum, again set out for Lycia, accompanied by George Scharf, who assisted him materially in sketching. This second visit issued in the discovery of thirteen ancient cities, all enriched by works of art; and in 1841 appeared An Account of Discoveries in Lycia,, being a, Journal kept during a Second Excursion in Asia Minor. A third visit was made late in 1841, after Fellows had obtained the &quot; firman &quot; by personal application at Constantinople; and he and his party had the pleasure of pitching their tents under the town of Xanthus on the 30th of December. They shipped a number of works of art for England, and in the fourth and most famous expedition (1844) twenty-seven cases of marbles were despatched for the British Museum, where they are now to be seen in the Lycian Saloon. The most noteworthy places on which the labours of Fellows cast a flood of light are Xanthus, Pinara, Patara, Tlos, Myra, and Olympus. The theatres in Lycian towns show the influ ence of the Greek drama among the so-called &quot; barbarians&quot;; and Lycian sculpture and architecture almost rival the Greek masterpieces. The arched tombs, one of which is in the British Museum, are compared by Fellows to Gothic architecture. These tombs are very common in Lycia. At