Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/761

 F B A F II A 725 cathedral of San Pietro, founded about 1700 by Innocent XII.; the church of Santa Maria, of the 9th century; and seven old conventual establishments. But the interest of the place is due rather to its palatial villas. The villa Aldobrandini takes its name from Cardinal Pietra Aldo- brandini, was designed by Delia Porta, contains frescos by Arpino, and now belongs to the Borghese family. The villa Ruffinella or Tusculana dates from the 16th century, was for some time in the possession of Lucian Bonaparte, and afterwards passed into the hands of King Victor Emmanuel. In the chapel are the tombs of Lucian Bona parte, his wife, his father, and his son Joseph. ThevillaMon- dragone, the largest of all, was erected by Cardinal Altemps in the 16th century, now belongs to the Borghese family, and is partly occupied by a Jesuit school. The villa Conti, formerly known as the Ludovisi, is the property of the Torlonia family. The villa Falconieri, having been founded in 1550 by Cardinal Rufh ni, ranks as the oldest in Frascati ; and the villa Piccolomini is interesting as the place where Baronius composed part of his Annals. About 3 miles from Frascati is the Greek monastery of Grotta Ferrata, interesting mainly for the frescos of Domenichino in the chapel of St Nilus, the best of the Greek manuscripts formerly contained in its library having been removed to Rome. The extensive gardening operations of the people of Frascati have rendered the name &quot;Frascatese&quot; almost equivalent to garden-girl. In 1871 the population was 7045. For Roman remains and history see TUSCULUM. FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783-1856), Scottish diplo matist, traveller, and author, was born at Reelick or Relig in the county of Inverness, in June 1783. He was the eldest of the four sons of Edward S. Fraser of Reelick, all of whom found their way to the East, and gave proof of their ability. When Reza Koolee&quot; Murza and Nejeff Koolee Murza, the exiled Persian princes, visited England, he was appointed to be their mehmindar, and on their return he accompanied them as far as Constantinople. He was afterwards sent to Persia on a diplomatic mission by Lord Glenelg, and effected a most remarkable journey on horseback through Asia Minor to Teheran. His health, however, was impaired by the fatigue and exposure; and he consequently retired to his estate in Scotland. In 1823 he married a daughter of Lord Woodhouselee, and sister of Patrick Fraser Tytler. He died at Reelick in January 1855. Fraser is said to have displayed great skill in water-colours, and several of his drawings have been engraved; and the astronomical observations which he took during some of his journeys did considerable service to the cartography of Asia. The works by which he attained his literary reputation were accounts of his travels and fictitious tales illustrative of Eastern life. In both he employed a vigorous and impassioned style, which was on the whole wonderfully effective in spite of minor faults in taste and flaws in structure. Some of his tales have not yet altogether lost their popularity. In 1820 there appeared a Journal of a Tour through part of the Snowy Range of the Himala Mountains; in 1825, & Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822, including an Account of the Countries to the North-East of Persia; and in 1826, Travels ami Adventures in the Persian Provinces on the Soutlvrn Banks of the Caspian Sea. The first part of The Kuzzilbash, a Tale of Khorasan, was published in 1828, and the second part or con tinuation in 1830, under the title of the Persian Adventurer. These were followed in 1833 by TJic Khans Tale, of which the scene is laid in Khorasan. In 1834 appeared a History of Persia (in the Edinburgh Cabinet Library), and in 1838 a Narrative of the residence of the Persian Princes in London, 1835-6, and A Winter Journey (Tdtar) from Constantinople to Teheran, ivith Travels through various parts of Persia. Next came Travels in Koordistan and Mesopotamia, 1840 ; The Highland Smugglers, 1842 ; Alice Neemroo, 1842; The Dark Falcon, a Tale of the Attruck, 1844 ; Mesopotamia and Assyria (Edinburgh Cab. Lib.), 1847 ; Military Memoirs of Lieut.-Col. Skinner, 1851. FRASER, SIMON. See LOVAT. FRASERBURGH, a seaport town of Scotland, Aber- deenshire, on the south side of Kinnaird s Head, 42 miles north of Aberdeen. It is built nearly in the form of a square, and most of the streets cross each other at right angles. The cross is a fine structure of a hexagonal form, covering an area of 500 feet, and surmounted by a stone pillar 12 feet high, ornamented by the British arms and the arms of Fraser of Philorth. Fraserburgh is one of the chief stations of the herring fishing in Scotland, the number of herring boats engaged by the curers of the port averaging about 900. During the herring season the increase to the popula tion of the town is upwards of 10,000. In 1877 the num ber of barrels of herrings cured in Fraserburgh was 1 80,000, and the value of the herring landed was about 280,000. The harbour, originally constructed as a refuge for British ships of war, is one of the best on the east coast of Scotland, and has lately been improved by the widening of the piers, and the extension of the breakwaters. The total sum ex pended on the harbour from 1857 to 1877 was 87,485. It has an area of upwards of six acres, is easy of access, and affords anchorage for vessels of every size. Still further improvements are proceeding, which, when completed, will afford outside the harbour an area of 8 acres of sheltered water, with a depth of from one to two fathoms at low tide. The population of Fraserburgh in 1871 was 4268. Fraserburgh takes its name from Sir Alex. Fraser of Philorth, who in 1613 obtained for it a charter as a burgh of regality, and whose representative, Lord Saltoun, is now superior of the town. The same Sir A. Fraser obtained in 1592 a charter for the institu tion and endowment of a college and university here ; and at the west end of the town is a quadrangular tower of three stories, which formed part of the building designed for this seminary. The inten tion was subsequently abandoned, probably from want of funds. FRATRICELLI was a common name given to a number of obscure mediaeval sects who flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. They were also called Bioschi, Bighini, Bocasoti, Fre&quot;rots, &c., and included such sects as the Brethren of the Full Spirit, the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the Beghards, the Brethren of the Common Life, &amp;lt;fec. The history of these mediaeval sects is very obscure ; but it seems now made out that while they had some relation to and sympathy with the older Cathari and other Manichaean heretics, they had a distinct origin in the Franciscan order, and that their real aim was to carry out the principles of St Francis even in defiance of the court of Rome. Their origin has been traced to Peter of Macerata and Peter of Fossombrone, who put themselves at the head of certain malcontent Franciscans, who, having been condemned by Pope Celestine in 1294, declared that the rule of Francis waa of more authority than any pope, and that papal opposition only showed that the pope himself might become anti- Christian. They soon began to teach opposition to the pope, the clergy, and the church. They held millenarian views, and preached and practised communism after the fashion, they said, of the early Christians. Their opinion soon spread among the Franciscan Tertiaries, and the com mon people everywhere favoured them. Boniface VIII. ordered the Inquisition to look after them, and on a report of Matthew of Chieti they were condemned in 1297 and handed over to the Inquisition. This only roused opposition. They held a general meeting in Rome, elected a pope of their own, organized themselves, spread over Europe, and by preaching missions made converts everywhere. Their ranks were continually recruited from the malcontent friars, especially from the Franciscans. Pope John XXII. con demned them under the names of Fratricelli, Fratres de paupera vita, Bizochi, and Bighini, and issued briefs against them in 1322 and 1331. They gave great trouble to the church in Strasburg, Cologne, and the Rhineland. In Italy their headquarters were in the Mark of Ancona and in Turin,