Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/722

 FRANCE is omnipotent, ib. ; panic at the invasion, C04; suffers still from famine, 607; disturbances in, COS; com mune of, abolished, 609; feeling in, turns against Napoleon, 617; the &quot;three days of July,&quot; 619, 620; fortification of, 621 ; over throws Louis Philippe, 622; remodelled by Napoleon III., 623; peace of, 624; goes against the emperor, 625 ; first siege of, 627 ; second siege of, ib. ; com mune of, ib. Parliaments in France, 643, 667 ; of Paris, plots against Richelieu, 569; sets aside the will of Louis XIII., 671; joins the Fronde, 572; takes part in expulsion of Jesuits, 593; the parliament Maupeou, 693; the old re called, 594 ; opposes Turgot, ib. ; exiled to Troyes, 5U5 ; recalled to Paris, 696; its contest with the court, ib.; supports precedent in 1789, 597. Parma, battle of, 585. Parma, duke of, 564. J arnassiens, Les, 677. Partition treaty, the first, 675 ; those of William III. and Louis XIV., 680. Pascal, 661, 663. Pasquier, 655, 666. Paul III., 558. Pavia, siege and battle of, 556. Pays d election, 667. Pays d dtat, 567. &quot;Peace of God,&quot; the, 637. Peasantry, state of, under Louis XV., 591. Peat, production of, 622. Pedro the Cruel, of Spain 547. Pe&quot;rier, Casimir, minister, 620. Peronne, interview at, 653. Perpignan added to France, 570. Perrault, 659, 664. Pescara, 556. Peter the Hermit, 537. Peterborough, earl of, 682. Philibert of Savoy, 559. Philip I. of France, 537. Philip II. (Augustus) of France, 640-42; his char acter, 540, 542. Philip III. of France, 544. Philip IV., 544, 545. Philip V., 545. Philip VI., 545, 646. Philip II. of Spain, 559-563; aids the Guises, 560; sup ports the League, 662, 664 ; his claim to the French throne, 563 ; at war with Henry IV., 564. Philip of Anjou (Philip V. of Spain), 580, 582. Philip of &quot;Anjou, founder of the Oilcans Bourbons, 571. Philip van Arteveldt, 648. Philip of Burgundy, 548, 549. Philip, duke of Orleans, 583- 685. Philip (gallt(&amp;lt;), duke of Orleans, 695, 596, 598, 600, 604, 606. Philippa of Hainault, 545, 546. Philology, 675. Phonology, 631. Plchegru, G06, 607. Pilnitz, conventions of, 602. Pippin of Heristal, 531. Pippin of Landen, founds Caroling family, 530. Pippin the Short, 531. Pirmasens, battle of, 606. Pitt carries on the Seven Tears War, 588. Pitt, William, 604, 605, 607. Pius VI. coerced by Bona parte, 609. Pius VII. makes concordat with Bonaparte, 614. Pius IX. restored by France, 622 ; led by Jesuits, 625. Plain, party of the, 604. Plebiscite, imperial, 623, 626. Pldiade, the, 650. Plessis near Tours, 553. Poitiers, battles of, 531, 546 Poland, affairs in, 685; first partition of, 593. Police, French, 512. Political economy studied, 592. Politiques, party of, 561-563. Pompadour, Mine, de, 586-593. Population of France, 5 )8. Port Royal, 661, 662. Pottery, manufacture of, 521. Pragmatic Sanction, of St Louis, 543; of Bourges, 650 ; of Charles VI., 585. Prague, treaty of, 625. Praguerie, the, 550. Preachers, 17th century, 662. Presburg, peace of, 615. President of the republic, 509. Prim, General, 626. Prisons, 512. Pritchard affair, the, 621. Provengal literature, 646. Provence ravaged, 557. Provinces, ancient, 510. Prussia, war with, 615 ; modem growth of, 625, 626; at war with France, 627 Pultusk, battle of, 616. Pyrenees, peace of the, 573. Quadruple alliance, the, 684. Quarries, 522. Quiberon Bay, battle of, 590. Quiercy-sur-Oise, diet of, 53t. Quinault, 657, 658. Quinze Joies du Manage, 649. Rabelais, 652. Racine, 575, 658. Railways, French, 618. Rambouillet, Hotel de, 657. Ramillies, battle of, 582. Ravaillac kills Henry IV, 566. Ravenna, battle of, 555. Raymond of Toulouse, 538. Raymond VII., 541, 542. Reformation, springs partly out of Renaissance, 557 ; its failure in France, 558. Regnard, 658. Regnier, 651. Religion, 612. Renaissance, friends of, in France, 657 ; passes into Reformation, ib. ; influence of, 649. Renart, Roman du, 641. Rend, king of Provence, 551. Republic, the, in France, 604 ; forms republics in Italy, 609, 610; the Roman, 611; coalitions against, ib. ; the Helvetic, ib.; overthrown by Bonaparte, 612; the, of 1848, 622; of Rome, over throw by Napoleon III., 622; the third, 627; firmly established in France, 629. Restif de la Bretonne, 666. Retz, Cardinal, 572, 573. &quot; Reunions,&quot; the system of, 678. Revolution, the English, as it affected France, 679. Revolution, the French, the causes of, 696; National Assembly constituted, 698; collision in Paris, ib. fall of Bastille, ib. ; declaration of Rights of Man, 699 ; its triumph, 602; Jacobins gain ground in, 6U3 ; defeat the Assembly, ib.; the republic proclaimed, 604; ends in Napoleon s despotism, 613. Revolution of the Three Pays of July, 619, 620 j of 1848, 621, 622. Rhine, passage of the, 676; campaign on the, 677. Richard Coeur de Lion, 541. Richard, duke of Normandy, 536. Richelieu, Cardinal, 567-570. Richelieu, duke of, 688, 589. Richelieu, duke of, first minis ter, 618. Rivers of France, 506 ; navig able, 518. Rivoli, battle of, 609. Roads in France, 517. Robert I., king of France, 636. 637. Robert, duke of France, 535. Robert, count of Paris, 535. Robert of Normandy, &quot; le Diable,&quot; 537, 538. Robespierre, 602-607 ; his char acter, 603, 604. Rochambeau in America, 594. Rocroi, battle of, 571. Rodolf of Burgundy, barons king of France, 535 Rohan, duke of, 567. Roland and Madame Roland lead Girondists, 603. Romances of antiquity, 638; Arthurian, 638; heroic, 658, 659. Romans d Aventures, 639. Romantic movement, 675, C76. Rome, sack of, 556 ; French troops withdrawn from, 626. Ron sard, 650. Ronsardists, the, 650. Roosebek, battle of, 548. Rosbach, battle of, 688; Its effects, 589. Rose, Roman de la, 643. Rotrou, 575, 657. Rouen, in Norman hands, 535 ; taken by Henry V., 549 ; siege of, 660. Rousseau, J. B., 664, 666. Rousseau, J. J., 592, 666, 6G7, 668. Royalty in Europe, 572. Ruel, peace of, 572. RutebcEuf, 642. Ruyter, Admiral, 576. Ryswick, peace of, 680. St Aubin du Cormier, battle of, 554. St Bartholomew, massacre of the, 561, 562. St Bernard, 539, 540. St Cloud, ordinances of, 619. St Denis, 539 ; battle of, 561. St Dominic conducts Albi- gensian crusade, 541. St Evremond, 663. St Gelais, 650. St Germain-cn-Laye, peace of, 661. St Jacob, battle of, 551. St Jean d Acre, Bonaparte foiled at, 612. St Pierre, B. de, 666. St Quentin, battle of, 659. St Simon, 668. Sainte-Beuve, 679. Saisset, bishop, 544. Salic law, the, 645. Salisbury, carl of, 549. Sand, George, 678, 679. Saragossa, siege of, 616. Sarrasin, 657, 660. Satire Afenippee, 655. Saxe, Marshal, 586. Schomberg in Ireland, 579. Schools in France, 513. Scottish guard of Charles VII., 551. Sebastopol, siege of, 623. Sedan, battle of, 627. Seguier, the chancellor, 671. Senate, French, 609. Septimania, 634. Sermon writers, early, 648. Seven Weeks War, 625. Seven Years War, 688-591. Sicilian Vespers, the, 544. Sieyfcs, Abbe, 612. Sigebert, king of MetE, 530. Silesian war, the first, 685; the second, 686. Silk manufacture, 520. Simon of Montfort, 511. Sismondi, 672, 680. Sixtus V., 563, 5fi4. Sluys, battle of, 546. Smolensk, battle of, 616 Soil, kinds of, 507. Soissons, count of, 570. Solferino, battle of, 624 Somme-towns, the, 652 Songs, early, 642. Song writers, anacreontic, 665. Soties, 645. Soubise, duke of, 588. Sonbise, prince of, 567. Soult, Marshal, 616-618, 621 Spain, wars of, with France, 6G4, 573, 578, 616 ; devolu tion war of, 575 ; the suc cession-question in, 575. 580; war in, 582; at war with England, 590, 691 ; Wellington in, 617; attacked by Louis XVIII., 619. Stael, Madame de, 672. Staffarda, battle of, 579. Stanislas Leczinski, king of Poland, 585. States-General, the, at Paris, 544; under King John, 546 ; under Charles VII., 650; under Louis XI., 652; of Orleans, 560 ; of Pontoise, ib. ; of Blois, 562 ; of Paris in 1614, 566 ; their nature and composition, ib., 567 ; proposals for, under Philip of Orleans, 584 ; called for by parliament and people in 1787, 596 ; the, of 1789, 597, 698. Stenay, siege cf, 573. Stephen of Blois, 538. Stolhofen, lines of, 581. Strasburg becomes French, 678. Style, prose, 645, 649, 652, 654, 659, 674. Succession, the Spanish, 680; succession war, the, 581: results of the, 583 Sugar manufacture, 621 Suger, the abbot, 539, 640. Sully, duke of, 564-566. Swiss, the, attacked by Charles VII, 551. Syntax, French, 636. Syrian expedition of 1860, 625. System oj Nature, 669. Talbot, 650, 551. Tallard, Marshal, 680, 581. Talleyrand-Perigord, 611 ; minister of First Consul, 613 ; is got rid of, 618. Taxes, 514. Terror, reign of, 60fi; the great. 607; the &quot;White,&quot; 610. Teschen, peace of, 594. Testry, battle of, 631. Thaun, Philippe de, 648. Theodorik, king of Metz, 530. Thdophile de Vlau, 656. Therouenne, siege of, 655 Thibaut de Champagne, 642. Thiers, M., 619-621, 627, 628. Thirty Years War, 668-572. Thomas, 670. &quot; Three Days of July,&quot; the, 619, 620. Three Henries, war of the, 663. Thurot harasses English coasts, 690. Tilsit, treaty of, 616. Tinchebray, battle of, 638. Torres-Vedras, lines of, 616. Toulon in English hands, 606 ; recovered by France, ib. Touraai besieged, 546. Tourville, Admiral, 679. Towns flourish xinder Louis VI., 631); population of, 608. Trade in France, 523. Trafalgar, battle of, 615. &quot;Treuga Dei,&quot; the, 637. Tricolour, the, 593. Triple Alliance, the, 576. Triumvirate, the, 560. Trochu, governor of Paris, C27. Troubadours, 646. Troyes, treaty of, 649. Turenne, 571-577. Turgot, his ministry, 594. Turin, battle of, 582. Union, edict of, 663. United Provinces make trace with Spain, 6C6. University of France, 6!5 Urban II. sets the crusades in motion, 637. Urban VIII., 568; decadence of Papacy under, 572. Urbanists, the, 548. Ushant, sea-fight off, 594. Utrecht, peace of, 583. Valmy, battle of, 604. Valois, house of, begins, 545. Varennes, the flight to, 602. Vassr, massacre of. 560. Vauban fortifies French fron tiers, 578. Vauvenargucs, 670. Vendome, duke of, 682. Venice, war of Louis XII. with, 555; fall of, G10. Vercingetorix, 527. Verdun, treaty of, 534. Vergennes, minister, 594. Verneuil, battle of, 549. Yen de societe, 657. Versailles, treaty of, 588 ; se cond treaty of, 590 ; peace of, 695; emperor of Ger many proclaimed at, 627; National Assembly at, ib. Vervins, peace of, 5G4. Victor Amadous, 680, 581. Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, G24 ; and of Italy, ib., 625. Vienna, treaty of, 585 ; peace of, GIG ; congress of, 618, G19. Villars, 581-583, 585. Villehardouin, 645. Villeroy passed over by Louis XIV., 574. Villeroy, 580-682. Villon, 551, G47. Vimiera, battle of, 616. Vincy, battle of, 631. Vineyards in France, 519. Vitry le Brflld, 540. Vittoria, battle of, 617. Vocabulary, French, 630. Voltaire, 665, 666, 667, 6G9; on the good deeds of Henry IV, 6GG; contrasts Riche lieu and Mazarin, 570 ; his influence, 592. Wagram, battle of, 616. Walter the Pennyless leadstho first crusade, 538. Watches and clocks, 523. Waterloo, battle of, 618. Wattignies, battle of, 606. Weights, French, 525. Wellington, duke of, as Sir A. Wellesley, in Spain, 616; drives French out of Spain, 617. Wcstermann In La Vended, 606. Westphalia, peace of, 571. William the Conqueror, 637. William IX. of Aquitaine, 638. William Clito, 539. William of Orange, 576-581. Wolsey compared with Riche lieu, 570. Woollen manufacture, 620. Worth, battle of, 627. Yolande of Aragon, 650. York Town, capitulation of, 594. Zurich, battles of, 612; peace of, 625.