Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/721

 Jliftoire Litteraire, 671, 674, 683. Hlodomir, king of Orleans, 630. Hlodowig (Louis the Pious), 532, 533. Illotehild, wife of Clovis, 529. Hlothar, emperor, 533. Hlothar, king of Soissons, 530. Hoche, General, 606, 608, 610. Hohenzollern question, the, 626. Holland, conquest of, 607. Holy League, the, 655. Hospitals in France, 514. Hotel dcs Invalides, 517. Hotmann, 655. Ilrolf the Norman, 535. Hubertsburg, peace of, 591. Hugh Capet, 536. Hugh the Great, duke of Fiance, 536. Hugh, count of Paris, 535. Hugh, count of Vermandois, 638. Huguenots, their beginnings, 659, 560 ; unite with Poli- tiques, 5G2 ; support Henry IV., 563; secured by Kdict of Nantes, 564 ; organize themselves at La Hochelle, 667; attacked by LouisXIlI., t 6. ; persecuted by Louis XIV., 5Z8; revocation of Edict of Nantes, 579. Hundred Years War, the, 545; close of, 551. Hunold, duko of Aquitaine, 632. Huon de Bordeaux, 638. Iberians, the, 527. Imperialism, its nature and developments, 615. &quot; Importants,&quot; the, 571. Imports, 523. India, affairs in, 586, 587 ; Lally in, 589, 590 ; French interests ruined in, 612. Inflexions in French, 635. Inkermann, battle of, 623. Innocent III., 541. Innocent XI.. 578. Institute, the, 514. Insurrection of 20th June, 603 ; of 10th August, ib. ; of 2d June 1793, 605 ; of 9th Thermidor, 607 ; of 5th Oct. 1795, 608; of ISth Fructi- dor, 610; of 18th, 19th Bru- maire, 612 ; of Three Days of July 1830, 619, 620 ; of 1848, 621, 622; of Paris, 622; of the Paris commune, 627. Invasion of France threatened, 602 ; takes place, and is beaten back, 604 ; by the allies in 1814, 617; by the Germans, 627. Iron produce, 522. Isabella of Spain, 626. Isabella of Valois, 648. Italian expeditions, age of, begins, 554. Italy attacked by France, 654 j war in, 585 ; cam paigns in, 609, 612, 613, 614; war of Napoleon III. in, 624 ; throws off Austrian and princely yoke, ib., 625. Ivry, battle of, 564. Jacobins Club, 596, 600-607. Jacquemart van Arteveldt, 645. Jacquerie, the, 547. James II. of England, 579. James I1L, 581. Jansenists begin in France, 673; interfered with by Louis XIV., 578; their views, ib. ; persecuted, 583; in favour under Philip of Orleans, 584 ; end of, 601. January, edict of, 5(iO. Jarnac, battle of, 561. Jeanne of Blois, 546. Jeanne Dare, her career, 650. Jeanne of Montfort, 546. Jeanne of Navarre, 561. Jeannin, 565. Jena, battle of, 615. Jerusalem taken by the Cru saders, 538; kingdom of, ib. Jesuits, the, support the League, 562 ; advocate the sovereignty of the people, 663 ; fall of, 593. Jodclle, 651. John, nominal king of France, 545. John the Good, king of France, 546, 547. John, king of England, 541. John III. of Brittany, 546 John, duke of Burgundy, 549, 550. John of Montfort, 546. Joinville, 646. Joinville, pact of, 563. Joli de Fleury, minister, 595. Joseph, Father, 669. Joseph Ferdinand, 580. Joubert, 672, 674. Jourdan, 606, 610, 611. Journalism, 671, 673. Judith of Bavaria, 533. Julius II., Pope, 555. Julius III., 558. Justice, statistics of, 511. Kaunitz, Prince, 587. Kellermann, 604. Kilidg Arslan, 538. Kingship among the Gauls, 529, 630. Kle~ber in Egypt, 611, 612. Kloster-Zeven, convention of, 588, 589. La Boe&quot;tie, 655. La Bruyere, 663. Lace manufacture, 52L Lafayette, Madame de, 659. Lafayette, Marquis, 694, 698, 600-604, 620. La Fontaine, 575, 657. Laharpe, G71. La Hogue, battle off Cape, 579. Lais, 612. Lakes, French, 507. Lally in India, 589, 590. Lamartine, 622, 675, 681. Lamennais, 675. La Mettrie, 668. Land, value of, 519. Landau changes hands, 582. Lanoue, 653. Laon, Caroling capital, 536. La kenaudie s plot, 56!). Larivey, 652. La Rochefoucauld, 663. La Kochelle, Huguenot head quarters, 561 ; peace of, 5G2; Huguenots organize them selves at, 567 ; attacked by Richelieu, 568 ; falls, 569. La Vendee, insurrection in, 605 ; close of war in, 606 ; struggles continue in, 607, 608 ; descent of English and royalists in, 608. L Arocat Patelin, 649, 658. Law administration, 511. Law, J., the financier, 684. Laws of September, 620. Lawyers, under LouisXV.,591 League, the, 562 ; its end, 564. League of the Public Weal, the, 552. Lebrun, third consul, 613. Legion of Honour, 517, 615. Legislative Assembly, 602-604. Leipsic, battle of, 617. Le Mans, battle of, 606. Lens, battle of, 571. Leo III., Pope, 532. Leo X., 555; his concordat with Francis I., 556. Leoben, preliminaries of, 610. Le Sage, 665, 66fi. Lesdiguicres, 667. Lespinasse, Mile de, 668. Le Tellier, minister, 674. L Hopital, chancellor, 560. L HOiiital, Marsha], 671. FRANCE Library, Richelieu s and Ma- zaiin s, 573. Ligny, battle of, 618. Lille, siege of, 582. Linen manufacture, 520. Lionne, 573-575. Lit de Justice held by Louis XVI., 5D5. Literature in France, 637-683 ; in 15th century, 551 ; in days of Henry IV., 565 ; under Richelieu, 570; Ma- zarin s library, 573 ; under Louis XIV., 575; days of Bossuet and Bounlaloue, 577 ; under Louis XV., 592, 593; under Louis XVI. ,594. Live stock in France, 519. Lodi, battle of, 609. Lodovico Sforza, 554. Lomenie de Brienne, 595. Longjumeau, peace of, 561. Lorris, William of, 643. Lotharingia, or Lorraine, 534 ; seized by Kichelieu, 569. Louis II. (the Stammerer), 535. Louis 111., 635. Louis d Outremer, 536. Louis VI. of France, 538, 539. Louis VII., &quot;the Young,&quot; of France, 539, 640. Louis VIII. of France, 542. Louis IX. (St Louis), 542, 543. Louis X. of France, 545. Louis XI. as dauphin, 549- 551 ; king, 55-, 553. Louis XII., 554, 655. Louis XIII., 566-571. Louis XIV., 569-583; his character, 574 ; his highest glory, 677. Louis XV., 583-593. Louis XVI., 593-604. Louis XVIII., 617-619. Louis Philippe, king of the French, 620-622. Louis, duke of Anjou, 548. Louis of Baden, 581, 582. Louis, count of Flanders, 545. Louis de Hale, count of Flan ders, 648. Louise of Savoy, 656. Louvois, minister of Louis XIV., 574, 676, 678, 679. Ludwig the German, 533. Lunatic asylums, 514. LuneVille, peace of, 613. Liitzen, battle of, 617. Luxembourg, duchy of, 620. Luxembourg, Marshal, 677, 579, 580. Luynes, count of, 507. Luzzara, battle of, 581. Lyons, capital of Gaul, 527; the church in, 527, 528 ; is added to France, 645 ; re publican vengeance on, 606. .Macdonald commands in Italy, 611, 612. MacMahon, Marshal, 627 ; made president, 628. Madrid, treaty of, 556. Maestricht, capture and resto ration of, 577. Magenta, battle of, 624 Maine, duke of, 583, 584. Maintenon, Madame de, 578, 583. Maistre, J. de, 662. Maistre, X. de, 672. Malaga, battle of, 582. Malebranche, 661. Malherbe, 575, 656. Maltote, the, 644. Mansourah, battle of, 543. Manufactures, French, 620 ; under Colbert, 575. Map, Walter, 638. Marat, 604 ; assassinated, 606. Marcel, Etienne, 546. Marengo, battle of, 613. Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI., 551 ; cedes Anjou and Provence to Louis XL, 553. Margaret of Burgundy, 653. 685 Margaret of Flanders, wife of Philip the Bold, 548. Margaret of Valois, sister of Francis I., 558. Margaret of Valois married to Henry IV., 561; divorced, 566. Maria Louisa, empress of the French, 616. Maria Theresa of Austria, 585- 687, 591. Maria Theresa, queen of Louis XIV., 573, 575, 578. Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 593, 695, 698, 601, 603; her character, 593; her influence, 695. Marie de France, 642, 644. Marignano, battle of, 556. Marivaux, 666. Marlborough, duke of, 579, 581-583. Marmont, Marshal, 619, 620. Marot, CWment, 558, 660. Marseillaise, the, 603. Marseilles, compact of, 556. Marsh, party of the. 604. Mai-Mil loses battle of Blen heim, 581. Martin, St, of Tours, 528. Mary of Burgundy, 553. Mary de Medici, 666, 567, 569. Mary, Queen of Scots, 558- 560. Mary Tudor, 555. MassiSna, 609, 611, 613, 616. Massillon, 662. Maurice of Nassau, 564, 506. Maurice of Saxony, 559. Maurice of Saxony (Marshal ~&quot; Saxe), 586. Maximilian, Archduke, 553, 555, 556. Mayenne, duke of, 563, 504. Mayor of the palace, the, 530. Mazarin, 569-573. Meadow land in France, 519. Measures, French, 625. MehemetAli, 621. Memoirs, 653, 660, 668. Mercenaries, much used by France, 657. Mdrimde, P., 678. Merwing kings, last of the, 631. Metz, sieges of, 559, 627. Mexico, interference of France in, 625. Milhaud, compact of, 562. Military districts, 516. Minden, battle of, 5UO. Ministers, 509. Minorca taken, 588. Mirabeau, 598, 601, 002. Miracle plays, 644. Alissi Hominici, 532, 533. Mississippi Company, the, 584. Mole&quot;, Count, minister, 620, 621. Mole, Matthew, 572. Moliere, 575, 668. Moncontour, battle of, 561. Money, French, 525. Moniteur Universe!, 613. Monluc, 653. Mons taken, 679. Montaigne, 654. Montauban, 567-569. Montecuculi, General, 577. Montespan, Madame de, 578. Montesquieu, 592, 667. Montleheri, battle of, 652. Monuments, early, 637. Monzon, peace of, 568. Moralities, 645. Moreau, 613-616. Moscow occupied by Napoleon, 616. &quot; Mountain,&quot; the, 602, 604, 607. Mountains in France, 505. Mayen de Parrenir, 653. Murat, king of Spain, 616. Namur, capture and recovery of, 580. Nancy, revolt at, 601. Nantes, edict of, 6G4, 679. Napoleon I. See Bonaparte. Napoleon, Prince Louis (Na poleon III.), 620-628; at Boulogne, 621 ; president of republic, 622 ; emperor of the French, 623; his char acter and reign, ib. war with Austria, 624; with Germany, 626; his over throw, 627 ; his death, 628. Narbonne founded, 527; taken by Pippin, 531. National Assembly, the, 598- 602 of 1871, 627, U28; of 1877, 628. National debt, 515. National guard, 617. National workshops, 622. Naude G., librarian, 573. Navarino, battle of, 61U. Navy, French, 617. Necker, finance-minister, 594- 697, 601. Neerwinden,batt!esof,6-iO,605. Nelson wins battle of the Nile, 611; fights battle of Copenhagen, 614 ; falls at Trafalgar, 615. Nemours, treaty of, 563. Nero, 527. Neustria, 630. Ney, Marshal, 617-019. Nice, agreement of, 557. Nile, battle of the, 611. Nimwegcn, peace of, 577. Noailles, Cardinal, 584. Noblesse, state of the, 591; abolition of the, 601. Nogaret, William of, 544. Normandy, its beginnings, 535. Notables, assembly of, 595. Novara, battle of, 555. Novelists, contemporary, 678. Oaths, the Strasburg, 633, 637. Octroi, 523. Odillon-Barrot, 621, 622. Ollivier, 11., minister, 626. Orinamme, the, 539. Orleans, party of duke of, 548. Orleans, siege of, 549, 550. Ormond, duke of, 583. Ornano, Marshal, 568. Orsini attempts Napoleon s life, 624. Orthography of French, 034. Ostend, siege of, 566. &quot; Pacte de famine,&quot; 694, 506. Palatinate ravaged, 577, 579; claimed by Louis XIV., 579. Pandulf, papal legate, 642. Papacy, what it owed to Pippin, 631. Paper manufacture, 521. Paris, attacked by Northmen, 534; siege of, 635; capital of the new kingdom, 536; university of, founded, 53!) ; university of, under St Louis, 543; threatened by Edward III., 546; under Etienne Marcel, ib. ; its library founded by Charles V., 547; restored to France, 550 ; siege of, 552 ; home of the League, 502; the Sixteen of, 563; besieged by Henry III. and IV., 563, 564 ; the Sixteen abolished, 564 ; re ceives Henry IV., t 6. ; States-General of 1614 meet at, 666 ; parliament of, plots against Richelieu, 569 ; much benefited by Colbert, 675 ; peace of, 691 ; state of, under Louis XV., 692; famine in, 596; the indigent crowd into it, 596; first collision in, 698 ; fall of the Bastille, ib.; Louis XV I. in, ib. ; excitement grows in, 600 ; marches on Versailles, t 6.; defeats king and as sembly, t 6. ; the new go vernment of, 602 ; the populace defeats the assem bly, 003 ; the commune of