Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/720

 084 FRANCE Buckingham, duke of, 568. Budget for 1877, 516. Buff on, 593, 671. Burgundians, the, in Gaul, 528 ; party of the, 548. Burgundy, 530; house of, 548, 549. Bute, ministry of, 590, 591 Byng, Admiral, 588. Cabochians, the, 549. Cadsand, battle of, 545. Casar, Julius, in Gaul, 527. Cicsar Borgia, 554. Calais, capture of, 546. Calendar, the republican, 606. Caligula, 527. Calonnc, first minister, 595. Calvin, 558, 654. Cambacercs, second consul, 613. Cambrai, league of, 555 ; treaty of, 556. Campo Formio, peace of, 610. Canada, points at issue in, 587 ; won by England, 590. Canals in France, 518. Carloman, son of Pippin, 531. Carloman, son of Charles Martel, 531. Carlos, Don, in Italy, 585. Carnot, 606, 609, 610. Carolings, the, 530 ; fall of, 536. Casale given over to Louis XIV., 578; restored to Italy, 580. Cassation, court of, 511. Cassel, battle of, 577. Castillon, siege of, 551. Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 559. Catherine de Medici, 556-5C3. Catinat, 579, 581. Cavaignac, General, 621. Cellamare, plot of, 584. Cdnacle, the, 676. Cent Nouvellet Nouvelles, 649. Cerisolles, battle of, 557. Chamber of deputies, 509. Chamfort, 670. Chanson de Roland, 637. Chansons de gestes, 637-639, 671. Charette, royalist leader, 609. Charitable institutions, 514. Charlemagne (Charles the Great), 531-533. Charles the Bald, 533, 534. Charles the Fat, 535. Charles the Simple, 535. Charles IV. of France, 545. Charles V. of France, 547. Charles VI., 548, 549. Charles VII., 549-551. Charles VIII., 553, 554. Charles IX., 560, 561. Charles X., 619, 620. Charles V., emperor, 555-557, 559. Charles II. of England, 576, 577. Charles &quot; the Bad,&quot; king of Navarre, 546. Charles II. of Spain, 575, 576, 580. Charles Ill.iof Spain, 580, 582, 583, 585. Charles XII. of Sweden, 582. Charles of Anjou, 542-544. Charles of Bourbon, constable, 555, 556. Charles of Charolais, duke of Burgundy, 551-553. Charles, duke of Lorraine, 536. Charles II. of Lorraine, 563. Charles Martel, 531. Charles of Orleans, 551, 617. Charles, count of Valois, 545. Charles, brother of Louis XI., 552, 553. Charlotte of Savoy, 551. Cliarnac&amp;lt;5, 569. ChaiTon, 655. Chartier, Alain, S51, 647. Chastenoy, peace of, 562. Chateaubriand, 674. Chatillon, battle of, 606. Chaulieu, 664. Chc nier, A., 665. Cherasco, treaties of, 569. China, war with, 625. Choiseul, duke of, 590, 593. Chre tien de Troyes, 638. Christianity in Gaul, 527, 528. &quot;Christian Republic,&quot; the, 565. Christine de Pisan, 647. Chroniques, Grander, 645. Church lands, sale of, 600. Cinq Mars, conspiracy of, 570. Civil list, 509. Civil wars, the. 559-563. Claude, duke of Guise, 557. Claude of France, 555. Claudius, 527. Clement VII., 556. Clement XIV. suppresses the Jesuits, 593. Clementines, the, 548. Clergy, state of the, under Louis XV., 591 ; civil con stitution of, 601. Clericis laicos, the Bull, 544. Clermont, Urban II. at, 537. Clermont, count of, 589. Cleves, affairs of, 566. Clisson, Oliver, 548. Clothing, manufacture of, 521. Clovis, 528. Clubs the Jacobins, 596 ; the Feuillants, 602; the Cor deliers, ib. Coal in France, 522. Coalition against France, the third, 615; the fourth, ib.; the fifth, 616. Coasting trade, 523. Coast-line, 505. Cochin-China, war with, 625. Code Napoleon, the, 614. Coeur, Jacques, 551. Coinage, 525. Colbert, 573-578. Coligny, the house of, 559 ; Admiral, 560, 561. College of the Four Nations, 573. Cologne, electorate of, 579. Colonies, French, 525. Comines, 648. Commerce, 523; under Col bert, 575; tribunals of, 511. Committee of public safety, 605. Commune, 509 ; of Paris, 603, 609. Compte renchi, the, 594, 595. Concini, 566. Concordat of Francis and Leo X., 556; of Napoleon, 614. Conde&quot;, prince of, 560, 561, 566, 567. Conde&quot;, the great, 571-573, 575. Condillac, 669. Confederacy of the Rhine, 615. Conflans, Mons. de, 590. Conflans, treaty of, 552. Confraternity of the Passion, 645. Conscription, the, 611. Constance of Aquitaine, 536. Constantino, 528. Constituent Assembly, the, 598-602. Constitution of Constituent As sembly, 599, 602; of Year III., 608; of Year VIII., 612; of Year X., 615; of Louis XVIII., 617 ; of Louis Phillipe, 620; of 1848 and 1852, 622 ; of 1875, 628. Consulate, the, 612 ; leads to the empire, 615. Contades, Marshal, 589, 590. Convention, the National, 604, 605, 608. Coquillart, 648. Corday, Charlotte, 606. Corneille, P., 575, 658. Corneille, T., 65. Corsica united to France, 593. Corunna, battle of, 616. Coteries, literary, 657. Council of state, 509. Coup d etat of ISth Fructidor, 610; of 18th, 19th Brumalre. 612; attempted by Charles X., 619; of Prince Louis Napoleon in 1851, 622. Courier, 673. Court, the French, state of, 591. Courtnez, William, 532. Court rai, battle of, 544. Courts of law, 511. Coutras, battle of, 563. Crdbillon fils, 666. Crdbillon pere, 665. Cre&quot;cy, battle of, 546. Credit fonder, 520 ; ayricoJe, ib. Crdquy, Marshal, 577. Crespy Couvrant, peace of, 557. Crdtin, 647. Crevant, cattle of, 549. Crimean War, the, C23. Criticism, contemporary, 679, 680. Cromwell, 573. Crusades, preparation for, 537 ; the first; 537, 538 ; the second, 540 ; the third, 541; the Albigensian, 541, 642; of St Louis, 543. Culloden, battle of, 686. Cumberland, duke of, 586, 588, 589. Custine, 604. Customs returns, 515. Dagobert, 530. D Agucsseau, 670. D Alembert, 671. Damietta, capture of, 543. Danish War, the, 625. &quot;Danse Macabre,&quot; 551. Danton, 602, 603, 605, GOG Dantonists, 606. D Aubigne&quot;, 651. Dauphin, title of, 546. David of Scotland, 546. De Barante, 672, 681. Declaration of the Rights of Man, 599. De Grasse, 594, 595. Delavigne, 672. Democracy, claims of, 597. De Musset, 676, 677. Denain, battle of, 583. Departments, France divided into, 600 ; area and popula tion of, 508 ; administration of, 509, list of, with arron- dissements, 510. Derivation, French, 636. Descartes, 570, 573, 660, 661. Deschamps, Eustache, 644. Des Periers, 653, 654. D Estre es, Marshal, 588. Dettingen, battle of, 586. Devolution War, the, 575. &quot; Devolutions Jus,&quot; 575. De Witt, the brothers, 576, 577. Dialects in French, 631. Diana of Poitiers, 558. Diderot, 666, 669, 671. Dionysius, St, at Paris, 528. Directory, the, 608-612. Donation of Pippin, the, 531. D Ormesson, minister, 595. D Orvilliers, Admiral, 594. Dover, treaty of, 576. Drama, early, 644; of 17th century, 658. flrame, 676. Dresden, peace of, 586 ; battle of, 617. Dreux, battle of, 560. Du Barry, Madame, 593. Du Bartas, 651. Dubois, the Abbe&quot;, 584, 585. Duguay Trouin, 582. Du Guesclin, 547, 548 Du Ilaillan, 653. Dumas, 678. Dumas flls, 676. Dumouriez, 603-605. Dunkirk handed over to Crom well, 573. Dunois, bastard of Orleans, 549. Du Perron, 654. Dupes, the Day of, 569. Dupluix in India, 587. Du Prat, chancellor, 555. Dutch, war with the, 576. Du Vair, 655. Edessa becomes a Frankish county, 538. Education in France, 512. Edward I., 544. Edward 111. claims French throne, 545; his failures in Fiance, 547. Edward IV., 552, 553. Egniont, Count, 559. Egypt, expedition to, 611. Eleanor of Aquitaine, 539, 540. Elizabeth, Queen, assists Huguenots, 5CO; project of marriage with Henry of Anjou, 561 ; supports Henry of Navarre, 563. Embroidery, 521. Emigration, the, 600, 601, 603 ; return of emigre s, 614. Empire, Holy Roman, revived by Charles the Great, 532. Encyclopedic, 592, 593, 671. Enfans sans Souci, 645. Enghien, duke of (the great Conde ), 571. Enghien, duke of, 615. England with Austria resists the Republic, 607 ; alone resists Bonaparte, 613 ; her second war with him, 615. Epic poetry, early, 637, 638; manners in, C39; turned Into prose, 649. Erigena, John Scotus, 534. Essling, battle of, 616. Establishments of St Louis, _ 543. Etienne, II, 656. Etienne Marcel, 546. Eudes (Odo), king of France, 535. Eugene, Prince, 580-582. Eulalia, song of St, 637. Ewarik, Visigothic king, 528. Excise returns, 515. Exports, 523. Extent of France, 505. Eylau, battle of, 616. Fabliaux, 640, 641. Fairy tales, 659. Family Compact, the, 590,591. Farces, 645. Fauvel, 642. Fdnelon, 584, 662. Ferdinand of Brunswick, 589, 590. Ferdinand and Isabella, 554, 555. Ferrand of Flanders, 542. Feudalism, its characteristics, 529. Feuillants Club, 602. Fields of March, the, 531. Finance, 514. Finances of France, under Sully, 565; under Colbert, 574; attempted by J. Law, 584; under Turgot, 594; under Necker, ib ; the Compte Rendu, 595; state of. before Revolution, ib. loans proposed, 596; diffi culties of, under Constituent Assembly, 600; put right by Bonaparte, 613. Fisheries, French, 523. Fleix, peace of, 562. Fleurus, battles of, 579, 607. Fleury, Andre&quot;, 585, 586. Flodden Field, battle of, 555. Fontanet, battle of, 533. Fontenelle, 664. Fontenoy, battle of, 586. Forests in France, 507. Fornuovo, battle of, 554. Fouchd, 613, 618. Fouquet, minister, 574. Franche Comte&quot;, 548 ; seized by Louis XI., 553- overrun by Conde&quot;, 675 ; restored to Spain, 576 ; ceded finally to France, 577. Francis I, 655-557. Francis II., 559. Francis of Guise, 559, 561. Francis of Sales, St, 654. Frankfort, treaty of, 627. Franks enter Gaul, 528; Chris tianized, 529; introducefeu- dalism, ib.; kingdom di vided, 530 ; Austrasian, 531. Fredegond, 530. Frederick III., emperor, 553. Frederick the Great, 585-591. Free-lances in France, 551. French language, 629-636; its beginnings, 533. Friedlingen, battle of, 581. Froissart, 644, 646. Fronde, war of the, 572, 573. Fulk Nerva, of Anjou, 537. Gabelle on salt, the, 546. Galigai, Leonora, 566. Gallo-Roman empire, 528. Gambetta, Leon, 626-628. Garibaldi in Italy, 625; in France, 627. Gamier, 652. Gaston of Foix, 555. Gaston of Orleans, 5GS-571. Gaul, 527, 528. Gauls, the, 527. Gautier, Th., 676. Gazette of France, 570. Geneva, 565. Geology of France, 507. George II. of England, 586. George of Amboise, 554. Gerbert (Sylvester II.), 536. Germans, the, in Gaul, 528. Germany revived by battle of Rosbach, 589. Gibraltar taken by Rooke, 582 ; attacked by the French, 594. Girondists, the, 602-608. Glass manufacture, 521. Godfrey of Bouillon, 538. Gold and silver work, 522. Goths, the, 528. Government of France, 508. Governments, military, 510. Gozlin, bishop of Paris, 535. Grain crops, 519. Gravelines, battle of, 559. Gravelotte, battle of, 627. Great Elector, the, 577. Grimm, his correspondence, 671. Gringore, 651. Guastalla, battle of, 585. Guerande, treaty of, 547. Guise, house of, 557-560, 562. Guizot, 620-622. Gustavus Adolphus, 569. Hague, league of the, 577. Hanau, battle of, 617. Harbours, French, 518. Harcourt, marquis of, 580. Hardy, 657. Haribert, king of Paris, 530. Hastenbeck, battle of, 583. Hebertists, 606. Helvetjus, 670. Henry I. of France, 537. Henry II. of France, 556-559. Henry of Anjou (Henry III.), 561-563. Henry of Navarre (IV. of France), 561-568. Henry II. of England, 540; III., 542; V., 549; VI., 551; VII, 554; VIII., 556. Ilenry, count of Chambord, 620. Henry of Guise, 562, 563. Henry of Trastamare, 547. JJi ptaineron, the, 653. Herberay des Essarts, 653. &quot; Herrings, day of the,&quot; 549. Ilildebi-rt, king of Paris, 630. Hildcbrand (Gregory VII.), 537. Hilpei ik, king of Soissons, 530. Hincmarof Rheiins, 534. History, contemporary, 680, 881.