Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/719

 BIBLIOGRAPHY.] FRANCE 683 incomparable grace, comedies that must make men laugh as long as they are laughing animals, and above all such a body of narrative fiction, old and new, prose and verse, as no other nation can show for art and for originality, for grace of workmanship in him who fashions, and for cer tainty of delight to him who reads. Bibliography. The bibliography of such a subject as French literature canuot be dealt with here exhaustively. We shall, how ever, indicate the principal works on the subject, and its subdivi sions, which will serve to fill up the outline of the foregoing pages. On the general subject there is no work in English of any extent, except the recent compilation of Mr H. Van Laun (Edinburgh). Notices more or less detailed of the earlier periods will be found in Hallam s works, and of the 17th and 18th centuries (which must, however, be read with great caution) in Buckle s History of Civiliz ation in Europe. The chief English critical periodicals will supply monographs, though until recently in no great abundance, of the chief names and some of the chief forms. Mr Besant s French Poets and French Humorists may be noticed. In French the chief works on the whole subject are that of Geruzez, already noticed, and another by Demogeot. These works are both excellent, and being composed on different plans, they may with advantage bo read together. They are chiefly deficient with regard to the earliest and latest literature. For the literature of the Middle Ages the fountain-head is the ponderous Histoire Litteraire already referred to, which, notwith standing that it extends to 27 quarto volumes, and has occupied, with interruptions, 150 years in publication, has only reached the 14th century. Many of the monographs which it contains are the best authorities on their subjects, such as that of M. P. Paris on the early chansonniers, of M. V. Leclerc on the fabliaux, and of M. Littre on the romaus d aventures. For the history of literature before the llth century, the period mainly Latin, J. J. Ampere s Histoire Litteraire dc la France avant Charle.magnc, sous Charle magne, ct jusqii au onzieme siecle is the chief authority. Leon Gautier s Lpopecs Fran^aises (4 vols., but now reprinting on a still larger scale) contains almost everything known concerning the chansons de gestes. M. P. Paris s Romans dc la Table Rondo is the main authority for this subject, though it does not include the contributions of Chretien de Troyes. On the cycle of Rfiynard the standard work is liothe, Lcs Romans du Rcnart. All parts of the lighter literature of old France are excellently treated by M. Lenient, Le Satire au Moyen Age. The early theatre has been frequently treated by the brothers Parfaict (Histoire du TMdtre Fran^ais), by Fabre (Lcs Clercs dc la Bazochc), by Leroy (Etude sur Ics Mijstercs), by Auber^in (Histoire dc la Lanfjue ct de la Litterature Franqaise au Moycn Age). This latter book, recently completed, will be found a useful summary of the whole mediaeval period. The historical, dramatic, and oratorical sections are especially full. On the 16th century an excellent handbook has recently been written by MM. Darmesteter and Hatzfeld. Sainte-Beuve s Tableau has been more than once referred to. Ebert (Entwicklungsgcschichte dcr FranziJsischcn Tragodic vornchmlieh im 16&amp;lt;* Jahrhundcrt) is the chief authority for dramatic matters. The various editions of the great authors of this and other periods do not need special reference. For Proven9al the most convenient and trustworthy handbook is Karl Bartsch, Grundriss zur Geschichtc der Provenzal- iseJicn Literatur. In English, Dr Hueffer s Troubadours is the only work of value. The 17th century, as the supposed classical age, has been re peatedly treated in French. We may mention Sainte-Beuve s Studies on Port Royal, Demogeot s Tableau du l?lme Sieclc arant Corneille, and Geruzez (Essais d Histoire Litteraire). Godefroy s His toire dc la Litt. Franc_aise dcpuis le 16 &quot; Sieclc jusqu a nos jours is an important work, as yet carried no further than the Revolution. On the 18th century we may mention, in English, Mr Carlyle s essays on Voltaire and Diderot, and Mr John Morley s elaborate and exhaustive works on Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau, with his smaller essays on Turgot, Vauvenargues, &c. In French, the works of Vinet, Godef roy, and Villemain, and for the philosophical side Damiron may be consulted. The best work on the period, in a small compass, is, however, a Tableau which M. Godefroy has pub lished in addition to his larger work. Post-Revolution literature is as yet too recent to have been treated in works of sufficient com prehension to be noticed here. We may, however, mention Geruzez, Litterature de la Revolution, and Nettement, Litterature Franqaise sous la Restauration et la Monarchic de Juillet. On the subject of popular poetry, which, though a contrary im pression appears to prevail in England, is of extreme importance in French literature, the main authorities are, for the Breton district, M. Luzel (Chants Populates dc la Bassc-Brctagnc), (the more famous works of M. de la Villeinarque, Barsaz-Breiz and others, are of doubtful trustworthiness) ; for those of Lorraine, M. de Puymaigre ; for those of Champagne, M. Tarbe. M. Haupt s Franzosische Volksliedcr, Gastoii Paris s Cliansons du 15 me Siecle, Wackernagel s Alt-Franzosischc Lieder und Lciche, and Bartsch s Romanzcn und Pastourcllen may also be consulted, though rather for specimens than for comment. (G, SA.) INDEX TO ARTICLE FRANCE. I. Geography and Statistics, 505-526. II. History, 527-629. III. French Language, 629-636. IV. French Literature, 637-683. Abd-el-Kador, 621. Aboukir, battles of, G12, 614. &quot;Academies, 513. Academy, the French, 570. Adam de la Halle, 642. Administrative divisions, 509. Adrian VI., 550. Agriculture, 519. Agnadello, battle of, 555. Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 576; peace of, 586. Alberoni, Cardinal, 584. Albigensian crusades, the, 541. Alen&amp;lt;jon, duke of, 5G2. Alesia, Vercingetorix at, 527. Alessandria, armistice of, 613. Alexander VI., Pope, 354. Alexius, the emperor, 538. Algeria, 525 ; war in, 620. Algiers taken by France, 619. Aliscans, 638. Alkmaar, capitulation of, 612. Alliance, the Grand, 587, 588; the &quot; Holy,&quot; 619 ; the Quad ruple, of 1840, 621. Alma, battle of the, 623. Almanza, battle of, 582. Alva, duke of, 559. Amadis of Gaul, 653. America, war in, 594. Amiens taken, 564 ; peace of, 614. Amis et Amiles, 638. Amsterdam threatened by Louis XIV., 576; over throws the De Witts, 577; is saved by William of Orange, ib. Amyot, 656. Ana, 657. Angers, treaty of, 567. Anglomania, the, 584. Anne, Queen, 580, 581. Anne of Austria, 567, 568, 571, 572, 574. Anne of Beaujeu, 553, 554. Anne of Brittany, 554, 555. Anne of Etampes, 558. Anne of Montmoreney. 557- 561. Antioch taken, 538; battle of, ib. Antony, king of Navarre, 559, 560. Aqua} Sextire, founded, 527. Aquitania, 531, 532, 537. Arabs, the, in France, 531. Arcola, battle of, 609. Armagnacs, party of, 548, 549. Armed Neutrality, the, 594. Army, statistics of, 516; re construction of begins, 601 ; Is in much confusion, 603; restored by Camot, 606; saves the Convention, 608; falls into Bonaparte s hands, ib. Arnulf, bishop of Metz, 530. Arques, battle of, 564. Arras, treaties of, 550, 553. Arrondissements, 509, 510. Artois, count of, 598, 601, 609 ; succeeds as Charles X., 619. Arts under Colbert, 575. Assignats, 601, 606, 608. Assises of Jerusalem, the, 538. Ataulf, on the Rhone, 528. Attila defeated at Chalons, 528. Aucassin et Nicolette, 640, 666. Audefroi le Bastard, 642. Audigier, 642. Augsburg, league of, 579. Augustus Cffisar in Gaul, 527. Augustus III. of Saxony, king of Poland, 585. Austerlitz, battle of, 615. Austrasia, 530. Avignon, captivity of, 544. Azincourt, battle of, 549. Babeuf, conspiracy of, 609. Bailly, mayor of Paris, 598, 602. Baldwin, count of Edessa, 538. Ballades and rondeatix, 644. Balzac, the elder, 659. Balzac, the younger, 679. Banks, 525. Banquet at Versailles, 600. Barbarossa, Frederick, 541. Barcelona, siege of, 582. Blirenwald, treaty of, 569. Ban-as, 608. Basselin, Olivier, 551, 647. Bastille, fall of the, 598. Baudouin de Seboury, 643. Bayle, 661. Baylen, capitulation of, 616. Bazaine, Marshal, 627. Bazoche, clerks of the, 645. Beam deprived of its rights, 567. Beaumarchais, 666. Bedford, duke of, 549, 550. Belgians, the, 527. Belgium, conquest of, 604. Belgrade, peace of, 585. Belle-Isles, the two, 585 ; Marshal, 586. Benedictines, the, 530. Benserade, 575. Beranger, 675. Bergerac, peace of, 562. Bernard of Saxe- Weimar, 569, 570. Bernis, the Abbd, 587, 589. Berri, murder of duke of, 619. Bertrand de Goth (Clement V .), 544. Berwick, duke of, 582, 584, 585. Bestiaries, 643. Bibliography, statistical, 526; of language, 636 ; of litera ture, 683. Biron s plot, 565, 566. Bishoprics, the three, 558 ; ceded to France, 571. Bishops, power of the, 530; age of the, in Gaul, 533. Bismarck meets Napoleon III., 625. Black death, the, 546. Black Prince, the, 546, 547. Blanche of Castile, 542. Blenheim, battle of, 581. Blois, the treaties of, 555. BlUcher, Marshal, 618. Bodin, 655. Bohemond, prince of Antioch, 538. Boileau, 575, 657. Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Spain, 616, 617. Bonaparte, Napoleon, 608- 618; commands in Italy, 609 ; goes to Egypt, 611 ; first consul, 612; emperor, 615 ; makes war on Prussia, ib. ; on Spain and on Rus sia, 616; abdicates, 617 ; the Hundred Days, 618 ; his final defeat, exile, and death, 618. Boniface, St, 531. Boniface VIII., 544. Book-trade, 521. Bordeaux, assembly of, 627. Borodino, battle of, 616. Bossuet, 577, 578, 662. Bouchain captured, 583. Boufflers, Marshal, 582. Bourbon, Cardinal, 563. Bourbon, duke of, 585. Bourdaloue, 662. Bourgcs purchased by Philip I., 538 ; national council at, 550 ; Pragmatic Sanc tion of, ib. Bouvines, battle of, 542. Bouvray, battle of, 549. Boyne, battle of the, 579. BrantOme, 654. Breda, treaty of, 575. Breisach, fall of, 570. Brenneville, battle of, 539. Bresse and Bugey ceded to France, 565. Bretigny, peace of, 547. Brittany remains Independent, 534 ; pays homage to Philip Augustus, 541; war with, 545; won for France, 554; finally annexed, 555. Broglie, duke of, 590. Brueys, Admiral, 611. Brunhild, queen of Austrasia, 530.