Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/586

 550 1429-31. with him a large part of the fighting power of the besiegers. Things were already looking rather gloomy in the English camp, when a new and unexpected rumour struck all hearts cold with fear. A virgin, an Amazon, had been raised up as a deliverer for France, and would soon be on them, armed with mysterious powers. The A young peasant girl, one Jeanne Dare, had been Maid of brought up in the village of Domre my, hard by the Orleans. L orra i ne border. The district, always French in feeling, had lately suffered much from Burgundian raids ; and this young damsel, brooding over the treatment of her village and her country, and filled with that strange vision -power which is no rare phenomenon in itself with young girls, came at last to believe with warm and active faith in heavenly appearances and messages, all urging her to deliver France and her king. From faith to action the bridge is short; and ere long the young dreamer of seventeen set forth to work her miracle. Her history is quite unique in the world; and though probably France would ere many years have shaken off the English yoke, for its strength was rapidly going, still to her is the credit of having proved its weakness, and of having asserted the triumphant power of a great belief. All gave way before her; Charles VII., persuaded doubtless by his mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon, who warmly espoused her cause, listened readily to the maiden s voice ; and as that voice urged only what was noble and pure, she carried conviction as she went. In the end she received the king s commission to undertake the relief of Orleans. Her coming was fresh blood to the defence ; a new spirit seemed to be poured out on all her followers, and in like manner a deep dejection settled down on the English. The blockade was forced, and in eight days the besiegers raised the siege and marched away. They withdrew to Jargeau, where they were attacked and routed with great loss. A little later Talbot himself, who had marched to help them, was also defeated and taken, Then, compelling Charles to come out from his inglorious ease, she carried him triumphantly with her to Rheims, where he was duly crowned king, the Maid of Orleans standing by, and holding aloft the royal standard. She would gladly have gone home to Domre my now, her mission being accomplished ; for she was entirely free from all ambitious or secondary aims. But she was too great a power to be spared. Northern France was still in English hands, and till the English were cast out her work was not complete ; so they made her stay, sweet child, to do the work which., had there been any manliness in them, they ought to have found it easy to achieve for themselves. The dread of her went before her, a pillar of cloud and darkness to the English, but light and hope to her countrymen. Men believed that she was called of God to regenerate the world, to destroy the Saracen at last, to bring in the millennial age. Her statue was set up in the churches, and crowds prayed before her image as before a popular saint. The incapacity and ill-faith of those round the king gave the English some time to recover themselves ; Bedford and Burgundy drew together again, and steps were taken to secure Paris. When, however, Jeanne, weary of courtly delays, marched, contemptuous of the king, as far as to St Denis, friends sprang up on every side. In Normandy, on the English line of communications, four strong places were surprised ; and Bedford, made timid as to his supplies, fell back to Rouen, leaving only a small garrison in Paris. Jeanne, ill-supported by the royal troops, failed in her attack on the city walls, and was made prisoner by the Burgundians ; they handed her over to the English, and she was, after grievous indignities, and such treatment as chivalry alone could have dealt her, condemned as a witch, and burnt as a relapsed heretic at Rouen in 1431. [HISTORY. Betrayed by the French court, sold by the Burgundians, W nmrdered by the English, unrescued by the people of France which she so much loved, Jeanne Dare died the martyr s death, a pious, simple soul, a heroine of the purest metal. She saved her country, for the English power never recovered from the shock. The churchmen who burnt her, the Frenchmen of the unpatriotic party, would have been amazed could they have foreseen that nearly 450 years afterwards, churchmen again would glorify her name as the saint of the church, in opposition to both the religious liberties and the national feelings of her country. The war, after having greatly weakened the noblesse, and having caused infinite sufferings to France, now drew towards a close ; the duke of Burgundy at last agreed to abandon his English allies, and afc a great congress at Arras Tin in 1435 signed a treaty with Charles VII., by which he tre: solemnly came over to the French side. On condition that ^ he should get Auxerre and Macon as well as the towns on and near the river Somme, he was willing to recognize Charles as king of France. His price was high, yet it was worth all that was given ; for after all he was of the French blood royal, and not a foreigner. The death of Bedford, which took place about the same time, was almost a more terrible blow to the fortunes of the English. Paris opened her gates to her king in April 1436 ; the long war kept on with slight movements now and then for several years. In these same days the council of Basel sat, and declared the supremacy of councils over the papacy ; the long evils of schism had brought the pontiff very low. In connexion with this council Charles VII. in 1438 held a national council at Bourges, and enacted therein his Pragmatic Sanction, in which the French church repeated Th the conclusions of the Basel council, and affirmed the Pr liberties of the Gallican Church, in close connexion with its&quot; 1: i allegiance rather to the king than the pope ; it also claimed J for capitular bodies and monasteries the right of elect- Be: ing their heads, declared the worst of the taxes levied by the papacy on the church illegal, and restrained the right of appeal to Rome. The French Church received the proclamation with gratitude and applause, while the papacy protested, and the dukes of Brittany and Burgundy refused to recognize it or adopt its principles within their dominions. It continued to be the church-law of France till the necessities of Francis I. bartered it away in 1516 for the Bologna concordat. The next year was marked by the meeting of the States- General, and the establishment, in principle at least, of a standing army. The Estates petitioned the willing king that the system of finance in the realm should be remodelled, and a permanent tax established for the support of an army. Thus, it was thought, solidity would be given to the royal power, and the long standing curse of the freebooters and brigands cleared away, No sooner was this done than the nobles began to chafe under it ; they scented in the air the coming troubles ; they took as their head, poor innocents, the young dauphin Louis, who was j willing enough to resist the concentration of power in royal hands. Their champion of 1439, the leader of the &quot; Praguerie,&quot; as this new league was called, in imitation, itT ^ is said, of the Hussite movement at Prague, the enthusiastic & defender of noble privilege against the royal power, was the man who afterwards, as Louis XL, was the des troyer of the noblesse on behalf of royalty. Some of the nobles stood firmly by the king, and, aided by them and by an army of paid soldiers serving under the new con ditions, Charles VII., no contemptible antagonist when once aroused, attacked and overthrew the Praguerie : the cities and the country people would have none of it ; they preferred peace under a king s strong hand. Louis was sent down to the east to govern Dauphiny ; the lessons of